References and Attributions

References

Bank for International Settlements. (2022). Triennial Central Bank Survey: OTC foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 [PDF]. https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.pdf

Barros, S. (2019, May). Brazil: Coffee annual 2019. GAIN report no. BR19006 [PDF]. Global Agricultural Information Network. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Coffee%20Annual_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_5-16-2019.pdf

Curtis, D. & Irvine, I. (n.d.). Principles of Macroeconomics. LibreTexts Libraries. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Economics/Principles_of_Macroeconomics_(Curtis_and_Irvine)

Greenlaw, S. A., Shapiro, D., & MacDonald, D. (2022). Principles of economics, (3rd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e

International Monetary Fund. (2022). Annual report on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions 2021. Monetary and Capital Markets Department. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513598956.012

Attributions

“Calculating Exchange Rate” is adapted from “20.3 Exchange Rates and Risk” from Principles of Finance by OpenStax – Rice University and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Access “Principles of Finance” for free.

“Figure 18.1: Affect of Changes in the U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate” is reused from “Figure 2. How Do Exchange Rate Movements Affect Each Group?” in Module 16: Exchange Rates and International Finance: Strengthening and Weakening Currency, in Macroeconomics, provided by Lumen Learning under a CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike license.

“Think About It! U.S. Dollar” is adapted from Module 16: Exchange Rates and International Finance: Strengthening and Weakening Currency, in Macroeconomics, provided by Lumen Learning under a CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike license.

“Figure 18.1: Affect of Changes in the U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate” is reused from “Figure 2. How Do Exchange Rate Movements Affect Each Group?” in Module 16: Exchange Rates and International Finance: Strengthening and Weakening Currency, in Macroeconomics, provided by Lumen Learning under a CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike license.

“18.3 Exchange Rate Systems” is adapted from “30.3 Exchange Rate Systems” from Principles of Economics v. 2.0 by Saylor Academy and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

“Did You Know? How Countries Choose Between Fixed and Floating Exchange Rates” is adapted from “12.3: Flexible exchange rates and fixed exchange rates” in Principles of Macroeconomics by D. Curtis and I. Irvine, licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA , except where otherwise noted.

“Figure 18.2: Central bank intervention to fix the exchange rate” is reused from “Figure 12.4 Central bank intervention to fix the exchange rate” in 12.3: Flexible exchange rates and fixed exchange rates” in Principles of Macroeconomics by D. Curtis and I. Irvine, licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA , except where otherwise noted.

Chapter Opening Photo: “10 and 20 us dollar bill” by John McArthur is used under the Unsplash license.