16 Bibliography and footnote formatting
EXAMPLES
Book (one author)
Footnote:
First reference: 1Corinne Gaudin, Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007), 165.
Subsequent reference: 2Gaudin, Ruling Peasants, 154.
Bibliography entry:
Gaudin, Corinne. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007.
Book (two or three authors)
Footnote:
First reference: 3Béatrice Craig and Maxime Dagenais, The Land in Between: The Upper Saint John Valley, Prehistory to World War I (Gardiner, ME: Tilbury House, 2008), 387.
Subsequent reference: 4Craig and Dagenais, Land in Between, 238.
Bibliography entry: Craig, Béatrice and Maxime Dagenais. The Land in Between: The Upper Saint John Valley, Prehistory to World War I. Gardiner, ME: Tilbury House, 2008.
Book (four or more authors)
Footnote:
First reference: 5Raymond Blake et al., Narrating a Nation: Canadian History Pre-Confederation (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2010), 27.
Subsequent reference: 6Blake et al., Narrating a Nation, 38.
Bibliography entry: Blake, Raymond, Jeff Keshen, Norman Knowles, and Barbara Messamore. Narrating a Nation: Canadian History PreConfederation. Toronto: McGrawHill Ryerson, 2010.
Edited Volume
Footnote:
First reference: 7Richard Connors and John M. Law, ed., Forging Alberta’s Constitutional Framework (Edmonton AB: University of Alberta Press, 2005), 3.
Subsequent reference: 8Connors and Law, Constitutional Framework, 1.
Bibliography entry: Connors, Richard and John M. Law, ed. Forging Alberta’s Constitutional Framework. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta Press, 2005.
Book in a series
Footnote:
First reference: 9Heather Murray, Not in This Family: Gays and the Meaning of Kinship in Postwar North America, Politics and Culture in Modern America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 246.
Subsequent reference: 10Murray, Gays and Kinship, 117.
Bibliography entry:
Murray, Heather. Not in This Family: Gays and the Meaning of Kinship in Postwar North America. Politics and Culture in Modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
Journal article (paper copy)
Footnote:
First reference: 11Galen Roger Perras, “Future Plays Will Depend On How the Next One Works’: Franklin Roosevelt and the Canadian Legations’ Discussions of January 1938,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 9, no. 2 (Winter 2006-07): 2.
Subsequent reference: 12 Perras, “Future Plays,” 3.
Bibliography entry: Perras, Galen Roger. “Future Plays Will Depend On How the Next One Works’: Franklin Roosevelt and the Canadian Legations’ Discussions of January 1938.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 9, no. 2 (Winter 2006-07): 1-3.
Formatting Bibliography Entries
General Guidelines for formatting bibliography entries:
Titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.
Titles of films, books, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, journals, etc.), podcasts, reports, websites and online videos are italicized.
In English, the first word, the last word, and all other words in the title except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of less than four letters begin with a capital letter.
In French, only the first word of the title begins with a capital letter.
If necessary, the edition or collection is put after the title of the book.
If necessary, the volume or volume is put before the number of pages.
If the publishing house is located in a little-known city (like Wilson) or one with a confusing name (like Washington), the name of the city must be followed by the name of the province, territory, state or country.1
Bibliography entries indicate all the bibliographic elements required to find the original source:
The last name and first name of the author;
The title of the work;
The place and publishing house if it is a book; Or
The volume and number if it is a periodical article;
The date of publication;
The number of pages.
Pay particular attention to word order, use of periods versus commas, and the shortened author and title used in subsequent references. Specific types of sources with corresponding examples are listed below.
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