Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
26.1a Identify the body’s main fluid compartments
26.1b Describe how fluid and solutes move between compartments
26.2a Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained
26.2b Describe how ADH is involved in regulating water output
26.3a Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body
26.3b Describe how sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate are regulated
26.4a Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body
26.4b Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney
26.5a Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low
26.5b Describe the body’s compensatory mechanisms for acidosis and alkalosis
Homeostasis, or the maintenance of constant conditions in the body, is a fundamental property of all living things. In the human body, the substances that participate in chemical reactions must remain within narrows ranges of concentration. Too much or too little of a single substance can disrupt your bodily functions. Because metabolism relies on reactions that are all interconnected, any disruption might affect multiple organs or even organ systems. Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life. The interactions of various aqueous solutions—solutions in which water is the solvent—are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in your body. Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.
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