5.0 Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Define and differentiate between facts, opinions, and various types of evidence (empirical, statistical, testimonial, etc.) used in academic reading.
2. Explain the importance of evaluating evidence for credibility, accuracy, relevance, and purpose using the “bare essentials” framework.
3. Identify credible sources of academic information, including peer-reviewed journals, academic databases, and government reports.
4. Analyze different types of bias (e.g., selection bias, framing bias, ideological bias, etc.) and evaluate how they influence the presentation and interpretation of evidence.
5. Apply principles of academic integrity by incorporating strong evidence into written arguments and constructing logical, well-supported claims.