2
Section One: The Fundamentals
A) History and Context
Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt
Make a note of anything that surprised you in this episode or something new that you learned.
In this episode, what surprised me the most is the basis of testosterone being dubbed as an “unfair advantage” given to female athletes only. If we are basing athletic ability on a correlational testosterone level, why doesn’t this apply to males? For example, if a male athlete who scores first place on the 100-metre dash has higher testosterone levels than he whom got second place, is this unfair too? Do all competing athletes have to have identical hormone levels to compete fairly? Do males who have higher estrogen levels need to be in their own category for sports, or competing with women? Determining one’s participation in sports based on hormone levels is a perfect example of a slippery slope — if we over-analyse this aspect of sports participation, we risk unfairly disqualifying passionate individuals from competing in their passion. Something they’ve trained for their whole lives is thrown away due to something they cannot control, or if they’re given the chance to control it like Maxime, you must comply to potentially-harmful drug treatments with known and unknown side effects against all autonomy. Lastly, I was surprised and disturbed to learn that Maxime was tested, against her choice, for “femininity” via bloodwork, invasive physical examination and other prior-undisclosed medical procedures. This is what determined her ineligibility to participate in women’s sports despite being biologically born female. However, a man would never be forced to undergo these invasive tests because “women are not a threat” in the realm of outperformance in men’s sports. |
B) Timeline of History
Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt
What other significant case/milestone would you add to this timeline? Note it in your notebook along with a brief (one or two sentences) explanation of why you feel it is important.
The Stockholm Consensus (2003) represents a time in recent history when the IOC decided transsexual man’s had the right to compete in women’s sports categories if their transition was >2 years from the competition, they were female on a legal basis and had a similar hormone profile to that of a born-female (Blade, 2024). Dr Hilton, at the Women’s Place UK convention, noted that this was a “disingenuous” approach as there was likely research available at the time which proved the stark difference and physical advantage that trans females had over born females (Blade 2024). Such a decision was seen by female-sports advocates as driving a political agenda rather than making informed decisions based on science (Blade, 2024).
This is, to me, a very important moment in history to highlight, not because of what occurred but because of why. This policy was not created due to biological equity, but to promote a woke and modern-day libertarian agenda that disadvantaged many competitors in women’s sports categories. Additionally, it poses as a perfect example what we learned in chapter one regarding sports being used as a catalyst or entity for political advocacy or agenda. Read more: https://www.realityslaststand.com/p/the-dystopian-history-of-sex-testing |
C) Gender coding in Sports
Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt
Has the gendering of sport ever been a constraint on your involvement? How?
Or, if not, why do you think this is?
Gendering has, on more than one occasion, been a constraint on my involvement in sports. Firstly, as a dancer of ten years, I eventually stopped because of the development of my body from a young girls into a woman’s. When I looked into the mirror during ballet, I would see my chest moving during certain exercises. As I gained weight into adulthood, more strain was put on the males in my class during lifting exercises. These occurrences eventually led to me quitting dance, my passion, as I was no longer comfortable dancing in a women’s body, because of the expectation that ballet dancer’s bodies, no matter the age, resemble that of a young girl’s.
Additionally, when I played field hockey, our uniforms (and the natural, worldwide expectation of female-field hockey uniforms) was a skort. Men’s field hockey, popular in India, has shorts for a uniform, but female bottoms for the same sport are always a skirt-resembling skort. This made me uncomfortable playing, because even though there were shorts built into the uniform, I still felt as though this was another expectation of sexualizing only female sports, and focusing on the uniform and the “look” rather than what we were actually comfortable playing in. These notions reinforce gender stereotypes, harmful sexualization and expectations of sexiness, youthfulness and femininity when in reality, we are focused on the enjoyment of activity at hand and not the display of our bodies. |
D) How is sport gendered in the popular imagination?
Exercise 4: Padlet/Notebook Prompt
While most sports are in fact unisex, gender coding remains pervasive, particularly at the professional level, although with a foundation established in youth competition. Participate in the poll below to share your views on how popular sports are gendered in the popular imagination. Also feel welcome to add or suggest sports that you feel strongly conform to the gender binary!
After you contribute to the padlet prompt, record your response in your notebook AND briefly discuss in two or three sentences how these responses and the polling figures in general confirm or contradict your assumptions about gender-coding and sports. Did anything surprise you?
I asked our Padlet discussion board is boxing men’s, women’s or neutral — the 100% answer so far is men’s. Additionally, the overwhelming majority for female-voted sports include cheer, dance and figure skating (largely focused on grace and visuals) and male-dominated votes included powerlifting, football and basketball (focused largely on strength, speed and skill).
There were almost no surprises I encountered when responding to this poll. I chose female sports as being those not requiring immense strength but instead largely focused on performance. This indeed ended up being true and aligned with the Westernized metanarratives that infiltrate our daily lives in politics, social settings and sports alike. I was slightly reassured to see some of these responses as being “neutral” when I thought the consensus would surely be “male”, however it would be interesting to see how the polls compare and vary by demographics such as age group, birth country and education level. |
Section Two: Breaking it down
A) Title IX
Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt
In a longer version of the interview excerpted in the video above, Leah Thomas states “Trans women competing in women’s sports does not threaten women’s sports as a whole because trans women are a very small minority of all athletes and the NCAA rules around trans women competing in women’s sports have been around for 10+ years and we haven’t seen any massive wave of trans women dominating”?
Do you agree with this statement? See also the image above suggesting that the issue may be overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t actually care that much about women’s sports.
Please share any thoughts you have in your Notebook by clicking on the audio button above or writing a few sentences.
I completely disagree with Leah Thomas’s statement regarding trans-women “not threatening women’s sports as a whole” due to them not significantly outperforming cis-women on a sizeable scale. This is because firstly of ratios; if there are so few trans-female athletes, simply due to having underrepresentation, we will not see significant feat. According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association, trans athletes make up 0.008% of athletes, so with such a small sample size we simply cannot observe domination of trans women (Yuan, 2024). Therefore it is impossible to truly assess the advantage these physiological factors have against cis-women. If we ignore the biological advantage that trans-women have over cis-women in sports, then winning becomes invalidated as a whole.
We have proven time and time again that significant physiological differences exist between trans women and cis women, even as proved by Joanne Harper, a trans woman herself. Regardless of whether these differences exist in numbers or quantity, they exist in their essence. If a form of doping in sports exists in the form of testosterone, how is this rule exempt when considering male-born trans female athletes?
https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/4/16/editorial-obstacles-trans-womens-sports/ |
B) Unfair Advantage?
Exercise 6: Notebook Prompt
What does the host and writer, Rose Eveleth, have to say on the issue of unfair advantage?
Can you think of other examples of unique biological or circumstantial advantages from which athletes have benefitted enormously that have nothing to do with gender?
Rose Eveleth says we celebrate biological advantages but divide and discriminate against sex-based advantages. She also believes when we choose rules and build policies for sports, we protect some women and not others.
Michael Phelps has a long toso and short legs which is the ideal body type for swimming. Another example is act-3 mutation — mutation advantage in sprinting competitions. Naturally short and skinny (petite) girls will thrive as ballerinas as they are able to be lifted gracefully into the air by their male partners and perform the moves with less strain. Tall female volleyball players will be better at spiking than short volleyball players due to their ability to reach high above the net and aim more carefully. A runner with more lung capacity will do much better in a spring challenge than a runner with asthma due to endurance advantages. |
Again, let’s turn to Katie Barnes who points out that we tend to forget amidst all the debate that “sports, by design, are not fair” (235), that “the reality of sports is that we accept unfairness all the time” (235).
Do you agree? Why? In your experience, how fair are sports? Feel welcome to add a video response in the padlet and provide an example if you’re willing. Make sure you include a screenshot of your response in your notebook.
“We accept unfairness all the time”.
The truth is, this is correct. Life is not fair, sometimes certain people get born into peaceful countries, and sometimes they’re born into war. Sometimes a person may want to be a doctor but will be rejected from medical school due to competition, or where they come from. Sometimes people want to live a full life but die young of cancer.
Unfortunately, sports is not an exception to, but rather a reflection of, the pre-existing and oftentimes uncontrollable injustices that infiltrate society and those within it. We cannot create rules that cover every possibility for every situation, and whilst it may be true that men may have biological advantages over women in sports, targeting testosterone levels down to an acceptable “feminine” level is taking this ideology to the extreme.
In my experience, sports are seldom “fair”. I was always put in the back of the dance recital because I was tall. I’ve had friends get cut from volleyball tryouts because they’re much shorter than the other girls. I even remember being put in swim races with girls much older and more developed than I and being dominated. Are any of these things unfair, or are they just advantages that make somebodies better at sports than the average person? In my opinion, fairness (or lack thereof) is a part of every aspect of life, not just sports.
Reply: I love your response regarding fairness vs human error. While it would be ideal to have a perfect world where we do achieve “fairness”, I believe this phenomenon is somewhat of a fairytale. Fairness is never going to be present in anything when we examine it on a microscopic level, therefore we can choose to fixate on these injustices/details or we can (as you said) focus on the integrity and enjoyment of the sport. Lastly, I appreciate how you highlighted the emotional impact of gender/sex dissection among females only in sports, and the toll that “clarifying gender” has on someone’s mindset and sense of autonomy. This feeling likely devalues accomplishment, passion and drive towards winning when it is reduced to biological (specifically hormonal) mutations rather than hard work and dedication. |
B) The Paris Olympics
Optional Response
What does Robins mean when she argues that:
“The aims of transvestigating an Olympic athlete are not, in any meaningful sense, anything to do with sports, or fairness, or even with women (cis women, at least) as a social category. Rather, they have everything to do with transness, and the public expression of transfemininity.
For my money this has never been about sport.
What it has always been is an excuse to publicly relitigate the existence of trans women.”
Make a note in your Notebook.
OPTIONAL
|