Chapter 7 Summary

Front of card

1. Amniotes
2. Amniotic Egg
3. Amphibians
4. Apes
5. Australopithecus afarensis
6. Bats
7. Bipedalism
8. Birds
9. Bony Fishes
10. Carnivorans
11. Cartilage
12. Cartilaginous Fishes
13. Closed Circulatory System
14. Crocodilians
15. Cutaneous Respiration
16. Derived Traits
17. Diurnal
18. Dry-nosed Primates
19. Ectotherms
20. Electroreception
21. Endoskeleton
22. Endothermic
23. Eutherians
24. Feathers
25. Fishes
26. Frogs
27. Grasping Hands and Feet
28. Hagfishes
29. Hair
30. Hominins
31. Homo erectus
32. Homo habilis
33. Homo neanderthalensis
34. Homo sapiens
35. Hoofed animals
36. Jawed Fishes
37. Jawless Fishes
38. Lamprey
39. Lateral Line
40. Lizards
41. Lobe-finned Fishes
42. Lungfishes
43. Mammals
44. Mammary Glands
45. Marsupials
46. Migration
47. Monotremes
48. New World Monkeys
49. Nocturnal
50. Old World monkeys
51. Operculum
52. Placenta
53. Preening
54. Primates
55. Ray-finned Fishes
56. Rays
57. Reptiles
58. Rodents
59. Rotating Shoulder Joints
60. Salamanders
61. Scaly Skin
62. Sebaceous glands
63. Sharks
64. Snakes
65. Stereoscopic Vision
66. Sudoriferous glands
67. Swim Bladder
68. Tadpoles
69. Tarsiers
70. Tetrapods
71. Tool Use
72. Turtles
73. Vertebrae
74. Vertebrates
75. Wet-nosed Primates
76. Whiskers
77. Features of vertebrates
78. 5 groups of vertebrates
79. 2 groups of jawless fishes
80. 2 groups of jawed fishes
81. 2 groups of amphibians
82. 4 groups of reptiles
83. 2 key features of mammals
84. 3 groups of mammals
85. Adaptations to living in trees
86. 3 groups of dry-nosed primates
87. Derived traits of hominins

Back of card

1. A group of tetrapods that produce amniotic eggs, enabling reproduction on land; e.g. reptiles, birds, and mammals
2. A type of egg produced by reptiles, birds, and mammals that contains specialized membranes to support and protect the embryo, allowing reproduction away from water.
3. A group of vertebrates that typically begin life in water with gills and undergo metamorphosis to develop lungs for life on land
4. Dry-nosed primates with large brains and complex social behaviours; closest living relatives to humans; e.g. gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans
5. An early hominin species known for walking upright; represented by the famous fossil “Lucy”
6. Only mammals capable of true powered flight, with wings formed from elongated fingers and a thin membrane (e.g. big brown bats, vampire bats)
7. A mode of locomotion involving walking on two legs, a key evolutionary trait in humans and their ancestors
8. Endothermic reptiles with feathers, hollow bones, and adaptations for flight; evolved from theropod dinosaurs
9. Fishes with skeletons made of bone, a swim bladder for buoyancy, and an operculum covering their gills
10. Eutherians with specialized teeth (canines) for capturing and slicing meat (e.g. dogs, cats, bears)
11. A firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body; in some vertebrates (e.g. sharks), it makes up the entire skeleton
12. Jawed fishes with skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone; includes sharks and rays
13. A circulatory system in which blood is enclosed within vessels and pumped by a heart through a looped circuit
14. Large, aquatic reptiles with long snouts and powerful tails
15. Gas exchange through the skin; used by amphibians in addition to lungs or gills
16. New features or characteristics that evolved in a particular group, distinguishing them from ancestors
17. active during the day
18. A group of primates with larger brains and greater reliance on vision rather than smell; includes monkeys, apes, and humans
19. Animals that rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature (e.g. reptiles)
20. The ability to detect electrical fields generated by other organisms; used by sharks to locate prey
21. An internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage that supports and protects the body’s organs
22. The ability of an organism to regulate its own body temperature using internal metabolic processes (e.g. birds and mammals)
23. Also called placental mammals; mammals that nourish developing offspring through a complex placenta and give birth to relatively developed young
24. Modified scales that cover birds’ bodies; used for flight, insulation, and display
25. Aquatic vertebrates that use gills for respiration; includes jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes
26. Amphibians with smooth skin and strong hind legs for jumping; they undergo metamorphosis from aquatic tadpoles to terrestrial adults
27. A trait of primates that allows them to hold objects or cling to branches; often includes opposable thumbs or toes
28. Jawless, eel-like marine animals that produce slime for defense; they have a skull but no vertebral column
29. A defining feature of mammals; used for insulation, camouflage, and sensory functions
30. The group that includes modern humans and their direct ancestors
31. An early human species that was the first to leave Africa, use fire, and show modern body proportions
32. An early human species known for using tools, often called the “handy man”
33. Also called Neanderthals, they were close relatives of humans who lived in Europe and western Asia; they made tools, buried their dead, and possibly used symbolic communication
34. The species name for modern humans, characterized by large brains, language, art, and advanced social structures
35. Herbivorous mammals with hooves (e.g. horses, deer, pigs, whales)
36. Vertebrates with hinged jaws that allow for more efficient feeding; includes cartilaginous and bony fishes
37. Primitive fishes without jaws; includes hagfishes and lampreys
38. Jawless vertebrates with a toothed, funnel-like mouth; some are parasitic and attach to other fish to feed on their blood
39. A sensory organ in fishes that detects movement and vibrations in the water
40. Scaly reptiles with movable eyelids and external ears; most have four legs and are ectothermic
41. Bony fishes with fleshy, lobed fins supported by bones; ancestors of amphibians and other land vertebrates
42. Lobe-finned fishes that can breathe air using lungs
43. Endothermic vertebrates with hair and mammary glands; nourish young with milk
44. Glands found in mammals that produce milk to feed offspring
45. Mammals that give birth to underdeveloped young, which then continue developing in a pouch (e.g. kangaroos, koalas)
46. The seasonal movement of animals (especially birds) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
47. Egg-laying mammals, such as the platypus and echidna, that also nurse their young
48. Dry-nosed primates with prehensile tails; highly arboreal; found in the Americas; e.g. spider monkeys
49. active at night
50. Large, terrestrial, dry-nosed primates that lack prehensile tails; found in Africa and Asia; e.g. baboons, macaques
51. A bony flap that covers and protects the gills in bony fishes and helps with breathing without constant swimming
52. A complex organ in eutherians that facilitates nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between the mother and developing fetus
53. A behavior in birds where they use their beak to clean and maintain their feathers
54. A group of mammals with traits like grasping hands, stereoscopic vision, and large brains; includes monkeys, apes, and humans
55. Bony fishes with fins supported by long, flexible rays; includes most familiar fish species
56. Cartilaginous fishes with flattened bodies and enlarged pectoral fins
57. Ectothermic vertebrates with scaly skin and shelled, amniotic eggs; includes crocodilians, lizards, snakes, turtles, and birds
58. Eutherians with continuously growing incisors adapted for gnawing (e.g. mice, squirrels)
59. A primate trait that allows for a wide range of arm movement, useful for climbing and swinging
60. Amphibians with elongated bodies and tails
61. A protective covering made of keratin that prevents water loss; characteristic of reptiles.
62. Glands in mammals that secrete oil (sebum) to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
63. Cartilaginous fishes with streamlined bodies, multiple rows of teeth, and keen senses like electroreception
64. Legless reptiles with elongated bodies and flexible jaws; carnivorous
65. Vision in which both eyes have overlapping fields of view, allowing for depth perception; common in primates
66. Glands in mammals that produce sweat for thermoregulation and scent for communication
67. A gas-filled organ in many bony fishes that helps regulate buoyancy
68. The aquatic larval stage of frogs; they have gills, a tail, and no legs; undergo metamorphosis into adults
69. Small, nocturnal primates with large eyes and strong leaping ability, found in Southeast Asia
70. Vertebrates with four limbs; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
71. The practice of using objects to perform tasks, a behavior seen in early hominins and modern humans
72. Reptiles with a bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs; found in aquatic and terrestrial environments
73. The individual bones that make up the backbone or spinal column of vertebrates
74. Animals with a backbone and an internal skeleton; includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
75. Primates with a strong sense of smell and smaller brains, often nocturnal; includes lemurs and lorises
76. Specialized sensory hairs found in many mammals
77. endoskeleton with skull and backbone, closed circulatory systems, well-developed nervous systems, complex internal organs
78. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
79. hagfishes and lampreys
80. cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes
81. salamanders and frogs
82. crocodilians, lizards and snakes, turtles, birds
83. hair and mammary glands
84. monotremes, marsupials, eutherians
85. rotating shoulder joints, grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, flattened nails, larger brains, fewer offspring
86. tarsiers, monkeys, apes
87. bipedalism, changes in teeth, bigger brains, tool use, complex culture