Chapter 5 Summary

Front of card

1. Anther
2. Antheridium
3. Archegonium
4. Bryophytes
5. Carpel
6. Cellulose
7. Chitin
8. Cuticle
9. Decomposers
10. Dry fruits
11. Embryo
12. Endosperm
13. Fertilization
14. Filament
15. Flagellated
16. Fleshy fruits
17. Fungi
18. Gametes
19. Gametophyte
20. Gills
21. Glycogen
22. Gymnosperms
23. Heterotrophs
24. Hyphae
25. Lignin
26. Melanin
27. Mitotic (mitosis)
28. Mycelium
29. Mycorrhizae
30. Nectar
31. Nonmotile
32. Nonvascular plants
33. Ovary
34. Ovule
35. Parasites
36. Petals
37. Phloem
38. Photosynthesis
39. Pollen
40. Pollinators
41. Rhizoids
42. Roots
43. Seed
44. Seedless vascular plants
45. Sepals
46. Sporangium
47. Sporophyte
48. Fungal spores
49. Stamens
50. Stigma
51. Style
52. Vascular tissue
53. Xylem
54. Zygote
55. Plants
56. Monophyletic
57. Stomata
58. Gametangia
59. Alternation of generations
60. Moss
61. Fern
62. Conifer
63. Angiosperms
64. Flower
65. Fruits
66. Mimicry
67. Mushroom
68. Yeast
69. Penicillin
70. Mycosis
71. Advantages for plants to live on land
72. 5 major terrestrial adaptations present in most land plants
73. Key terrestrial adaptations for bryophytes
74. Key terrestrial adaptations for seedless vascular plants
75. Key terrestrial adaptations for gymnosperms
76. Key terrestrial adaptations for angiosperms
77. 4 parts of a flower
78. Role of fruits
79. Type of fruits
80. Methods of seed dispersal
81. Fungal modes of nutrition
82. How are fungi beneficial?
83. How are fungi harmful?
84. Steps in Moss Life Cycle
85. Steps in Fern Life Cycle
86. Steps in Pine Life Cycle
87. Steps in Angiosperm Life Cycle

Back of card

1. The part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen
2. A structure that produces sperm in the gametophyte generation of plants
3. A structure that produces eggs in the gametophyte generation of plants
4. Nonvascular plants including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts that lack vascular tissue and require moist environments
5. The female reproductive organ of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary; also called a pistil
6. A complex carbohydrate that forms the structural component of plant cell walls
7. A tough, flexible compound found in the cell walls of fungi and in the exoskeletons of arthropods
8. A waxy, water-repellent layer on the surface of plant leaves and stems that helps prevent water loss
9. Organisms that break down dead organic material and recycle nutrients into ecosystems
10. Fruits that are hard or papery when mature, such as nuts, wheat, or rice; often spread by air, water or attached to animals
11. The early developmental stage of a plant or animal that arises from a fertilized egg
12. A tissue in seeds of flowering plants that provides nourishment to the developing embryo, formed during double fertilization.
13. The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
14. The stalk of a stamen that supports the anther
15. Having one or more whip-like tails (flagella) used for movement; describes the sperm of mosses and ferns
16. Fruits that are soft and juicy when mature, like peaches and berries; often consumed by animals to help spread seeds
17. A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from organic material
18. Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that unite during fertilization
19. The haploid, gamete-producing stage in a plant’s life cycle
20. Blade-like structures on the underside of a mushroom cap where spores are produced
21. A carbohydrate that fungi and animals use to store energy
22. Seed-producing plants like conifers whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits
23. Organisms that cannot make their own food and rely on consuming other organisms for energy
24. Long, thread-like filaments that make up the body of a fungus
25. A complex organic compound that hardens cell walls in vascular plants, giving them rigidity
26. A dark pigment that provides protection against UV radiation; found in both fungi and animals
27. A process of cell division that results in two identical cells; used in growth and asexual reproduction
28. The network of hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus
29. Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots that improve nutrient and water uptake
30. A sugary fluid produced by flowers to attract pollinators
31. Incapable of movement
32. Plants that lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts; informally known as bryophytes
33. The part of the carpel that contains ovules and matures into a fruit after fertilization
34. The structure in seed plants that contains the female gametophyte and develops into a seed after fertilization
35. Organisms that live on or in a host organism and derive nutrients at the host’s expense
36. Colorful parts of a flower that attract pollinators
37. Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
38. The process by which green plants use sunlight to produce food from carbon dioxide and water
39. A structure that contains the male gametes (sperm) of seed plants
40. Animals, such as bees or birds, that carry pollen from one flower to another
41. Root-like structures in nonvascular plants that anchor the plant but do not absorb water
42. Organs in vascular plants that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant
43. A structure in seed plants that contains a developing embryo and a food supply, enclosed in a protective coat
44. Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores instead of seeds; ferns
45. The outer parts of a flower, usually green, that protect the flower bud before it opens
46. A structure where spores are formed
47. The diploid, spore-producing stage in a plant’s life cycle
48. Microscopic, reproductive cells that grow into a new fungus
49. The male reproductive parts of a flower, consisting of a filament and anther
50. The sticky top part of a carpel where pollen lands
51. A tube that connects the stigma to the ovary in a flower
52. Specialized plant tissue (xylem and phloem) for conducting water, minerals, and nutrients
53. Vascular tissue that transports water from roots to leaves
54. The cell formed by the union of a sperm and egg; the first cell of a new organism’
55. Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that belong to the kingdom Plantae
56. A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, representing a single branch on the tree of life
57. Small openings on the surfaces of leaves and stems that allow for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ and water vapor out) between the plant and the environment
58. Specialized structures in plants, algae, and fungi where gametes (sperm or eggs) are produced
59. A life cycle in plants and some algae that alternates between a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage
60. A type of bryophyte that grows in moist environments; it has a dominant gametophyte stage and reproduces via spores
61. A seedless vascular plant with large, divided leaves (fronds); it has a dominant sporophyte stage and reproduces via spores
62. A type of gymnosperm that produces seeds in cones; typically has needle-like leaves; includes pines, spruces, and firs
63. Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits; the most diverse and widespread group of plants
64. The reproductive structure of angiosperms
65. Mature ovaries of flowering plants that contain seeds; they aid in seed dispersal
66. An evolutionary adaptation in which one organism resembles another to gain an advantage
67. The fruiting body of certain fungi that produces and releases spores
68. Single-celled fungi; commonly used in food production
69. An antibiotic substance produced by the Penicillium fungus that kills or inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
70. A fungal infection in animals or humans, ranging from superficial skin infections to serious systemic diseases
71. Easier access to sunlight and carbon dioxide, initially no predators
72. Waxy cuticle, stomata, roots, gametangia, alternation of generations
73. Waxy cuticle, rhizoids
74. True roots, vascular tissue, lignin
75. Pollen, seeds
76. Flowers, fruits
77. Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
78. Seed dispersal
79. Fleshy fruits (berries, peaches); Dry fruits (nuts, wheat)
80. Wind, animal ingestion, animal transportation, water
81. All heterotrophs but get nutrition in different ways (decomposers, parasites, mutualistic relationships)
82. Important for ecosystems (decomposers, mycorrhizae); Food production (fermentation, mushrooms); Medicine (penicillin)
83. Plant pathogens (Dutch elm disease, ergot); Animal pathogens (toxic, infections)
84. Steps:
    1. Gametophytes (n) produce gametes (n) through mitosis. Antheridium produces sperm. Archegonium produces egg.
    2. Sperm swim to nearby gametophytes to fertilize egg in the antheridium forming a zygote
    3. Zygote develops into embryo which then grows (through mitosis) into new sporophyte (2n).
    4. Sporophyte (2n) produces spores (n) through meiosis.
    5. Spores blow to a new location and grow into a new gametophyte (mitosis). The gametophyte is the conspicuous part of the plant.
85. Steps:
    1. Gametophytes (n) produce gametes (n) through mitosis. Antheridium produces sperm. Archegonium produces egg.
    2. Sperm swim to nearby gametophytes to fertilize egg in the antheridium forming a zygote (2n).
    3. Zygote develops into embryo which then grows (through mitosis) into new sporophyte (2n). The sporophyte is the conspicuous part of the plant.
    4. Sporophyte (2n) produces spores (n) through meiosis.
    5. Spores blow to a new location and grow into a new gametophyte (mitosis).
86. Steps:
    1. Gametophytes (n) produce gametes (n) through mitosis. Male gametophyte is a pollen grain found in male cones. Female gametophyte develops within an ovule in female cones.
    2. Pollen is carried by wind to fertilize egg forming a zygote (2n) inside the ovule of the female cone.
    3. Zygote develops into embryo. Ovule develops into seed.
    4. Seed is dispersed then germinates and grows (through mitosis) into new sporophyte (2n). The sporophyte is the conspicuous part of the plant (the tree).
    5. Sporophyte (2n) produces spores (n) through meiosis. Spores develop into gametophytes inside of cones.
87. Steps:
    1. Gametophytes (n) produce gametes (n) through mitosis. Male gametophyte is a pollen grain in anther of flower. Female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops inside an ovule within ovary of flower.
    2. Pollen is transferred (by wind or pollinators) to stigma of a flower where it grows a pollen tube to fertilize egg inside ovule, forming a zygote (2n). This process includes double fertilization – second sperm fertilizes nearby cell to form endosperm which nourishes embryo.
    3. Zygote develops into embryo. Ovule becomes a seed and ovary develops into fruit.
    4. Seed is dispersed then germinates and grows (through mitosis) into a new sporophyte (2n). The sporophyte is the visible flowering plant.
    5. The sporophyte (2n) produces spores (n) through meiosis. Spores develop into gametophytes (pollen and embryo sacs) inside the flower.