Chapter 4 Summary

Front of card

1. 3 major categories of protists
2. 3 methods of genetic recombination in prokaryotes
3. 4 Stages of Abiogenesis
4. 4 sub-categories of protozoans
5. Abiogenesis
6. Acidophiles
7. Algae
8. Amoebas
9. Antibiotic crisis
10. Antibiotics
11. Apicomplexans
12. Archaea
13. Autotrophic
14. Bacilli
15. Bacteria
16. Binary fission
17. Bioremediation
18. Botulism
19. Brown algae
20. Bull’s-eye-shaped rash
21. Capsule
22. Cell wall
23. Chemoheterotrophs
24. Chemotrophic
25. Ciliates
26. Cocci
27. Commensal
28. Conjugation
29. Decomposers
30. DNA
31. Eukaryotes
32. Extremophiles
33. Flagella
34. Flagellates
35. Foodborne disease
36. Fungus-like protists
37. Green algae
38. Halophiles
39. Heterotrophic
40. Human microbiota
41. Hydrothermal vent
42. LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)
43. Lyme disease
44. Macromolecules
45. Malaria
46. Methods for preventing bacterial disease
47. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
48. Microbial mat
49. Mutualistic
50. Nucleoid
51. Organic molecules
52. Parasite
53. Pathogen
54. Phytoplankton
55. Photoautotrophs
56. Phototrophic
57. Pili
58. Plasmids
59. Primordial soup
60. Prokaryotes
61. Prokaryotic cell
62. Protists
63. Protocells
64. Protozoans
65. Pseudopodia
66. Red algae
67. Roles of beneficial prokaryotes
68. Sanitation
69. Seaweed
70. Self-replication
71. Spirilla
72. Stromatolite
73. Superbugs
74. Thermophiles
75. Transduction
76. Transformation
77. Types of algae
78. Vaccination
79. Zoonotic

Back of card

1. Protozoa (animal-like protists), Slime molds (fungus-like protists), Algae (plant-like protists)
2. Transformation, transduction, conjugation
3. Formation of Organic Molecules, Assembly into Macromolecules, Formation of Protocells, Self-Replication
4. Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Apicomplexans
5. The scientific hypothesis that life originated from non-living matter through natural processes, such as chemical reactions in early Earth’s environment
6. Prokaryotes that thrive in extremely acidic conditions (pH 3 or below)
7. Photosynthetic protists that live in aquatic environments and range from single-celled phytoplankton to large multicellular seaweeds
8. Protozoans that move using pseudopodia—temporary extensions of their cell membrane
9. A global health concern caused by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to the rise of resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat
10. Drugs used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting bacterial growth
11. Non-motile, parasitic protozoans
12. One of the two domains of prokaryotes, distinct from Bacteria and more closely related to eukaryotes in some ways
13. Organisms that use carbon dioxide (CO₂) as their main or only carbon source
14. Rod-shaped prokaryotic cells
15. One of the two domains of prokaryotes; single-celled organisms
16. A form of asexual reproduction where a prokaryote replicates its DNA and splits into two identical cells
17. The use of living organisms, such as bacteria or fungi, to clean up environmental pollutants, including oil spills and toxic waste
18. A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, often linked to improperly preserved foods
19. Large, multicellular algae commonly found in marine environments; includes kelp
20. A common early symptom of Lyme disease, forming around the site of a tick bite
21. A protective, sticky outer layer in some prokaryotes that aids in attachment and prevents dehydration
22. A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane that provides shape and protection to prokaryotic cells
23. Organisms that obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds
24. Organisms that derive energy by breaking down organic or inorganic molecules
25. Protozoans that use tiny hair-like structures called cilia to move and feed
26. Spherical-shaped prokaryotic cells
27. A type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed
28. A process in which prokaryotes transfer genetic material through a pilus connecting two cells
29. Organisms that break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the environment
30. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that stores genetic instructions in living organisms
31. Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
32. Prokaryotes that thrive in extreme conditions such as high heat, salinity, or acidity
33. Long, whip-like appendages that aid in movement for some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
34. Protozoans that use one or more flagella to move
35. Illness caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages, often due to bacteria
36. Heterotrophic protists that absorb nutrients from decaying material, similar to fungi; Includes slime molds
37. A group of photosynthetic protists closely related to land plants
38. Prokaryotes that live in extremely salty environments
39. Organisms that obtain their carbon from organic compounds produced by other organisms
40. The community of prokaryotic and other microorganisms that live in and on the human body
41. An opening in the seafloor where heated, mineral-rich water flows out
42. The most recent common ancestor of all organisms alive today
43. A bacterial infection transmitted by ticks
44. Large, complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
45. A disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes
46. Sanitation, antibiotics, vaccination, education
47. A dangerous bacterial strain resistant to multiple antibiotics
48. A multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes that often forms at the interface of different materials or environments
49. A relationship where both organisms involved benefit
50. The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located
51. Carbon-based molecules that form the building blocks of life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
52. An organism that lives on or in another and benefits at the host’s expense
53. An organism that causes disease
54. Microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that float in aquatic environments and form the base of most marine food webs
55. Organisms that perform photosynthesis and use CO₂ as a carbon source
56. Organisms that derive energy from sunlight
57. Hair-like structures used by prokaryotes for attachment and DNA transfer during conjugation
58. Small, circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes, separate from the main chromosome
59. A hypothetical solution of organic compounds in early Earth’s oceans from which life is thought to have originated
60. Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
61. A simple, single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
62. A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi; includes protozoans, algae, and slime molds
63. Membrane-bound structures that resemble simple cells and may have preceded true living cells
64. Animal-like protists that are unicellular, heterotrophic, and often motile
65. Temporary extensions of the cell membrane used for movement or feeding
66. Photosynthetic protists that can live in deeper waters due to their light-absorbing pigments
67. Environmental roles (e.g. decomposers); Food production (e.g. fermented foods); Human microbiota (e.g. in gut)
68. Practices that maintain cleanliness and prevent disease transmission, especially through water and waste
69. A general term for large, multicellular marine algae, including green, brown, and red algae
70. The ability of molecules (like RNA) or cells to make copies of themselves
71. Spiral-shaped prokaryotic cells
72. Layered sedimentary formations created by the activity of microorganisms, particularly cyanobacteria
73. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat with current medications
74. Prokaryotes adapted to very high temperatures
75. A form of genetic transfer in prokaryotes using viruses to move DNA between cells
76. A process in which prokaryotic cells take up free DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome
77. Phytoplankton (unicellular algae) and seaweeds (green algae, brown algae, red algae)
78. The administration of a substance (often weakened or dead pathogens) to stimulate immune protection
79. Describes diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans