Chapter 10 Summary

1. Phosphorus cycle
2. Coevolution
3. Predation
4. Nutrient cycling
5. Commensalism
6. Carnivore
7. Detritus
8. Nitrification
9. Competition
10. Main abiotic reservoirs for phosphorus
11. Denitrification
12. Tertiary consumers
13. Mimicry
14. Host
15. Parasitism
16. Warning coloration
17. Parasite
18. Mechanical defences
19. Competitive exclusion principle
20. Primary productivity
21. Ecological pyramid
22. Camouflage
23. Ectoparasites
24. Prey
25. Predator
26. Assimilation
27. Trophic structure
28. Biogeochemical cycles
29. Condensation
30. Primary consumers
31. Chemical defenses
32. Producers
33. Decomposers
34. Mutualism
35. 6 types of interspecific interactions
36. Quaternary consumers
37. Abiotic reservoirs
38. Herbivores
39. Food web
40. Consumers
41. Water cycle
42. Energy flow
43. Indirect defenses
44. Interspecific interactions
45. Secondary consumers
46. Precipitation
47. Zooplankton
48. Community
49. Carbon cycle
50. Behavioral defenses
51. Transpiration
52. 5 types of defenses against predation
53. Main abiotic reservoirs for nitrogen
54. Main abiotic reservoirs for carbon
55. Phytoplankton
56. Detritivores
57. Niche differentiation
58. Nitrogen fixation
59. 3 types of defenses against herbivory
60. Niche
61. Decomposition
62. Evaporation
63. Species diversity
64. Nitrogen cycle
65. Food chain
66. Herbivory
67. Endoparasites

Solution:

1. The movement of phosphorus through rocks, water, soil, and living organisms; Mainly driven by weathering and sedimentation
2. The process by which two or more species influence each other’s evolutionary pathways over time through close ecological interactions
3. An interaction where one organism (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey); benefits the predator and harms the prey (+/−)
4. The continuous movement of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon through the environment and organisms
5. An interspecific interaction in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed (+/0)
6. An animal that feeds on other animals
7. Dead organic matter including the remains of organisms and waste products
8. A process in the nitrogen cycle where bacteria convert ammonium (NH₄⁺) to nitrate (NO₃⁻)
9. An interspecific interaction in which individuals of different species compete for the same limited resources; Negative interaction for both species involved (-/-)
10. rocks, soil, sediments, water (from human activities)
11. The conversion of nitrates in the soil back into nitrogen gas by bacteria, releasing it into the atmosphere
12. Carnivores that eat other carnivores (secondary consumers)
13. An adaptation in which one species evolves to resemble a harmful or distasteful species
14. The organism that a parasite lives on or in and from which it obtains nourishment
15. An interspecific interaction where one organism (parasite) feeds off another (host); benefits the parasite and harms the host (+/−)
16. Bright colors or patterns that signal to predators that an organism is toxic or unpalatable
17. An organism that lives in or on another organism (host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense
18. Physical features of an organism, like thorns or shells, that deter herbivores or predators
19. The idea that two species competing for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist; one will outcompete the other
20. The amount of energy that producers make available to the rest of the ecosystem through photosynthesis; Forms the base of the food web
21. A graphical representation that shows the amount of energy or organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem; Only about 10% of the energy at one level is passed on to the next
22. A defense mechanism that allows organisms to blend into their surroundings to avoid detection by predators
23. Parasites that live on the surface of the host, such as ticks or lice
24. An organism that is hunted and consumed by another species (predator)
25. An organism that kills and eats another species (prey)
26. The process by which plants absorb nitrates or ammonium from the soil and incorporate them into organic molecules such as proteins and DNA
27. The feeding relationships in an ecosystem, organized by trophic levels
28. Natural processes that recycle elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water through the living and non-living parts of ecosystems
29. The process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water; The reverse of evaporation and is a key part of the water cycle
30. Herbivores that feed directly on producers
31. The use of toxic, distasteful, or harmful chemical compounds by organisms to deter herbivores or predators
32. Organisms, typically plants or algae, that make their own food using sunlight through photosynthesis; Form the base of food chains
33. Organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down dead matter and waste into simpler substances, recycling nutrients into the ecosystem
34. An interspecific interaction in which both species benefit (+/+)
35. competition (-/-), herbivory (+/-), predation (+/-), parasitism (+/-), mutualism (+/+), commensalism (+/0)
36. Top-level predators in a food chain that feed on tertiary consumers
37. Non-living parts of the environment where elements are stored, such as the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and rocks
38. Plant-eating animals, like insects, birds, deer, or rabbits
39. A complex network of interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
40. Organisms that obtain energy by feeding on other organisms (producers or other consumers)
41. Describes how water moves continuously through the environment, connecting the atmosphere, land, and bodies of water
42. The one-way movement of energy through an ecosystem from the sun to producers and then to various levels of consumers
43. Strategies used by plants to attract predators or parasitoids of herbivores to reduce herbivory
44. Relationships between individuals of different species in a community, such as predation, competition, and mutualism
45. Carnivores that eat herbivores (primary consumers)
46. The movement of water from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail
47. Microscopic aquatic animals or heterotrophic protists that feed on phytoplankton and other small organisms
48. All the different populations of species that live together and interact in a particular area
49. The movement of carbon through atmosphere, oceans and living organisms; Carbon is exchanged among organisms and the environment through processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration
50. Actions or behaviors that help prey avoid predators, such as fleeing, hiding, living in groups, or startling predators
51. The evaporation of water from plant leaves, which contributes to the movement of water through the water cycle
52. behavioural defenses, mechanical defenses, camouflage, chemical defenses, mimicry
53. atmosphere (as N₂ gas), soil (ammonium and nitrate), and water bodies (where nitrogen can accumulate from runoff)
54. Atmosphere (CO₂ gas), the ocean, and fossil fuels
55. Microscopic photosynthetic organisms found in aquatic environments that serve as producers
56. Organisms that consume dead organic matter, especially in early stages of decay; e.g. earthworms, millipedes
57. The process by which competing species use the environment differently to minimize competition
58. A process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N₂) into forms (like ammonium) that plants can absorb
59. mechanical defenses, chemical defenses, indirect defenses
60. The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including how it uses resources and interacts with other organisms
61. The breakdown of dead organisms and waste by decomposers, returning nutrients to the environment
62. The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor, typically from surfaces like lakes, rivers, and soil
63. The variety and relative abundance of different species in a community
64. The movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, water, and living organisms; Includes processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification
65. A linear sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients flow as one organism eats another
66. A interspecific interaction where an animal (herbivore) feeds on a plant or algae; benefits the herbivore and harms the plant (+/−)
67. Parasites that live inside the host’s body, such as tapeworms or roundworms