Chapter 3: Macroevolution
Chapter Overview
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Explain how large-scale evolutionary changes, such as the emergence of new traits and mass extinctions, are recorded in the fossil record and interpreted using the geologic time scale.
- Identify the four major divisions of the Geologic Time Scale—Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
- Explain how continental drift and plate tectonics influence evolution by shaping global climates, ecosystems, and contributing to mass extinctions and the diversification of species.
- Describe the major mechanisms of macroevolution, including gene duplication, homeotic gene changes, paedomorphosis, co-option, and advantageous intermediates.
- Differentiate between taxonomy and phylogenetics.
- Interpret phylogenetic trees to trace evolutionary relationships and explain the significance of branch points, common ancestors, and sister taxa in understanding the diversification of life.
OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT. [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
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