2.8 References and Additional Resources

Ammachchi, N. (2025, August 19). Water-guzzling data centers spark outrage across Latin America. Nearshore Americas. https://nearshoreamericas.com/water-guzzling-data-centers-spark-outrage-across-latin-america/

Booker, Mario DeSean. (2025). Digital redlining: AI Infrastructure and Environmental Racism in Contemporary America. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 10.30574/wjarr.2025.27.1.2602.

Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. (2024, May). How to identify misinformation, disinformation and malinformation (ITSAP.00.300). Communications Security Establishment. Retrieved from https://www.cyber.gc.ca/en/guidance/how-identify-misinformation-disinformation-and-malinformation-itsap00300

Chen, M. (2023, January 24). Artists and illustrators are suing three A.I. art generators for scraping and ‘collaging’ their work without consent. Artnet News. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://news.artnet.com/art-world/class-action-lawsuit-ai-generators-deviantart-midjourney-stable-diffusion-2246770

Cohen, A. (2024, May 23). AI is pushing the world toward an energy crisis. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2024/05/23/ai-is-pushing-the-world-towards-an-energy-crisis/

Crownhart, C. (2024, October 28). AI will add to the e-waste problem. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/28/1106316/ai-e-waste/

D’Agostino, S. (2023, June 5). How AI tools both help and hinder equity. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/tech-innovation/artificial-intelligence/2023/06/05/how-ai-tools-both-help-and-hinder-equity

Earth.Org. (2023, April 28). The environmental impact of ChatGPT [Web article]. Earth.Org. https://earth.org/environmental-impact-chatgpt/

Hosseini, M., Gao, P., & Vivas-Valencia, C. (2024, December 15). A social-environmental impact perspective of generative artificial intelligence. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 23, Article 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2024.100520

Ippolito, J. (n.d.). 9 takeaways about AI energy and water usage [Web page]. Learning With AI. Version 1.9. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://ai-impact-risk.com/ai_energy_water_impact.html

Jaidka, K., Chen, T., Chesterman, S., Hsu, W., Kan, M.-Y., Kankanhalli, M., Lee, M. L., Seres, G., Sim, T., Taeihagh, A., Tung, A., Xiao, X., & Yue, A. (2025). Misinformation, Disinformation, and Generative AI: Implications for Perception and Policy. Digital Government (New York, N.Y. Online), 6(1), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3689372

Joseph Saveri Law Firm, LLP. (n.d.). GitHub Copilot intellectual property litigation [Web page]. Joseph Saveri Law Firm, LLP. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.saverilawfirm.com/our-cases/github-copilot-intellectual-property-litigation

Langara College Educational Technology. (n.d.). Accessibility of AI interfaces [Web page]. Langara College. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://students.langara.ca/about-langara/academics/edtech/AI-Accessibility.html

Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M. A., & Ren, S. (2023). Making AI Less “Thirsty”: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.03271

Ontario. (n.d.). Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. F.31) [Statute]. e-Laws, Government of Ontario. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90f31

Pope, A. (2024, April 10). NYT v. OpenAI: The Times’s about-face [Blog post]. Harvard Law Review. https://harvardlawreview.org/blog/2024/04/nyt-v-openai-the-timess-about-face/

Saenko, K. (2023, May 25). A computer scientist breaks down generative AI’s hefty carbon footprint. Scientific American. Reprinted from The Conversation US. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-computer-scientist-breaks-down-generative-ais-hefty-carbon-footprint/

Tomlinson, B., Black, R.W., Patterson, D.J. et al. The carbon emissions of writing and illustrating are lower for AI than for humans. Sci Rep 14, 3732 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54271-x

Western Technology Services. (n.d.). Learn It. [Web page]. Western University. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://cybersmart.uwo.ca/for_western_community/learn_it/index.html

Western University. (2009, December 1). Policy 1.47 – Accessibility at Western [PDF]. Manual of Administrative Policies and Procedures. University Secretariat. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/policies_procedures/section1/mapp147.pdf

Western University. (2018, April 26). Policy 7.16 – Intellectual Property [PDF]. Manual of Administrative Policies and Procedures. University Secretariat. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/policies_procedures/section7/mapp716.pdf

Western University, Office of the Vice-President (Operations & Finance), Legal Counsel. (n.d.). FIPPA – Some basics for faculty and staff [Web page]. Western University. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.uwo.ca/vpfinance/legalcounsel/privacy/fippa.html#protection

World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). Generative AI: Navigating intellectual property [Factsheet]. World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.wipo.int/documents/d/frontier-technologies/docs-en-pdf-generative-ai-factsheet.pdf