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Section One: The Fundamentals 

A) History and Context

Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt

 

One thing that stood out to me as particularly surprsing was the idea that athletes would be stripped down and “examined” to verify their femininity. This in my opinion and based o todays social norms seems completely absurd and unreasonable. It would seem to me that they would be other more obvious methods to verify someones gender

 

B) Timeline of History

Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt

What other significant case/milestone would you add to this timeline? Note it in your notebook along with a brief (one or two sentences) explanation of why you feel it is important.

Another significant milestone to add is the 2018 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) regulations on testosterone levels for female athletes.

In 2018, the IAAF introduced new regulations requiring female athletes with naturally high testosterone levels, like Caster Semenya, to lower their levels in order to compete in certain events (such as the 400m to the mile). This policy was controversial and sparked debates about fairness, discrimination, and the inclusion of intersex and transgender athletes in competitive sports. The ruling is important because it set a precedent for how testosterone and sex-based eligibility are managed in sport, raising concerns about the regulation of women’s bodies and the intersection of biology, gender, and athletic performance.

C) Gender coding in Sports 

Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt

Has the gendering of sport ever been a constraint on your involvement? How?

Or, if not, why do you think this is?

 

No, the gendering of sport has not been a constraint on my involvement. This may be because I have not felt limited by traditional gender expectations in sports or have been in environments that encourage participation regardless of gender. However, I understand that for many, societal pressures and gendered expectations can create barriers, so it’s important to recognize those challenges for others.

 

 

 

D) How is sport gendered in the popular imagination?

Exercise 4: Padlet/Notebook Prompt 

While most sports are in fact unisex, gender coding remains pervasive, particularly at the professional level, although with a foundation established in youth competition. Participate in the poll below to share your views on how popular sports are gendered in the popular imagination. Also feel welcome to add or suggest sports that you feel strongly conform to the gender binary!

After you contribute to the padlet prompt, record your response in your notebook AND briefly discuss in two or three sentences how these responses and the polling figures in general confirm or contradict your assumptions about gender-coding and sports. Did anything surprise you?

 

Softball, gymnastics and volleyball skew more female the rest more male. The polling results largely match my assumptions about gender-coding in sports with the exception of soccer which surprisingly more people believe to be neutral wheras i coded it as male.

 

 

Section Two: Breaking it down

A) Title IX

Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt 

In a longer version of the interview excerpted in the video above, Leah Thomas states “Trans women competing in women’s sports does not threaten women’s sports as a whole because trans women are a very small minority of all athletes and the NCAA rules around trans women competing in women’s sports have been around for 10+ years and we haven’t seen any massive wave of trans women dominating”?

Do you agree with this statement? See also the image above suggesting that the issue may be overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t actually care that much about women’s sports.

Please share any thoughts you have in your Notebook by clicking on the audio button above or writing a few sentences.

 

I agree with Leah Thomas’ comment to some extent. Trans women are a small percentage of athletes, and the regulations governing their participation have been in place for more than a decade, with no indication that they have had a substantial influence on women’s sports. It’s worth noting that the NCAA and other organisations have policies in place to maintain fairness, such as hormone level limitations, which serve to address concerns about competitive advantage.

These debates sometimes turn into bigger cultural and ideological fights rather than developing or defending women’s sports. The emphasis should be on guaranteeing inclusion and justice for all athletes, and it is critical to distinguish real concern from political intent.

 

B) Unfair Advantage?

Exercise 6: Notebook Prompt

What does the host and writer, Rose Eveleth, have to say on the issue of unfair advantage?

Can you think of other examples of unique biological or circumstantial advantages from which athletes have benefitted enormously that have nothing to do with gender?

 

  1. Height in basketball (Victor Wembanyama)
  2. Usain bolt with a higher density of fast twitch muscle fibers
  3. Athletes who are born and train in high land regions of Kenya & Ethipia make better long distance runners (
  4. Michael Phelps double jointed makes him a better faster swimmer

 

 

Exercise 7: Padlet/Notebook Prompt

Again, let’s turn to Katie Barnes who points out that we tend to forget amidst all the debate that “sports, by design, are not fair” (235), that “the reality of sports is that we accept unfairness all the time” (235).

Do you agree? Why? In your experience, how fair are sports? Feel welcome to add a video response in the padlet and provide an example if you’re willing. Make sure you include a screenshot of your response in your notebook.

 

In favor: I agree that sports, by design, are not fair. In my experience, sports are inherently competitive, and there will always be factors that give some players an advantage over others, such as having access to better training facilities, more resources, and more experienced coaches. For example, some athletes may have greater natural ability or genetics that give them an edge over their opponents, and some teams may have more experienced and highly paid players that have more financial resources. Therefore, I believe that fairness is not a defining characteristic of sports, and that athletes must work hard and use their skills to overcome any perceived unfair advantages.In more detail, fairness is not a defining characteristic of sports because the very nature of competition implies that there will be some degree of inequality between athletes or teams. This inequality can take many forms, such as physical differences, socioeconomic differences, or access to resources and opportunities. For example, an elite athlete may have access to better coaches, training facilities, and nutrition than an amateur athlete, giving them an advantage in terms of skill and performance. Similarly, a team with more resources may be able to attract higher-paid and experienced players, giving them an edge over less wealthy teams.

 

B) The Paris Olympics 

Optional Response:

What does Robins mean when she argues that:

“The aims of transvestigating an Olympic athlete are not, in any meaningful sense, anything to do with sports, or fairness, or even with women (cis women, at least) as a social category. Rather, they have everything to do with transness, and the public expression of transfemininity.

For my money this has never been about sport.

What it has always been is an excuse to publicly relitigate the existence of trans women.”

Make a note in your Notebook.

 

Robins argues that the outrage over Imane Khelif’s boxing victory is not really about fairness in sports or protecting women’s rights. Instead, it’s about using Khelif as an excuse to attack trans women in general.

  1. People who are upset over Khelif’s victory are the same ones that promote transphobic conspiracy theories online. The author points out that celebrities who have spoken out against Khelif, such as Elon Musk and Joanne Rowling, are known to have transphobic beliefs.
  2. The question is whether Khelif is “really” a woman. The dispute “centred around” whether Khelif was born female, rather than her athletic abilities. This shows that the issue is more about her gender identification than sporting fairness.
  3. Many sports currently exclude transgender women. The article adds that the IOC has prohibited trans women who have gone through masculine puberty from competing. This shows that Khelif’s cisgender status is what enabled her to compete in the first place. 
  4. Cis women athletes who have been caught doping haven’t gotten this much attention. The author argues that if this was really about protecting women’s sports, there would be similar outrage over cisgender women who cheat.
  5. The language used to defend Khelif reinforces a narrow definition of womanhood. The author criticizes people who defend Khelif by calling her a “biological woman.” This implies that there’s only one way to be a real woman.

 

 

 

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This work (Gender, Sport, and Social Justice by Kelly McGuire) is free of known copyright restrictions.

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