Annotated Bibliographies
What is an annotated bibliography?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations that also includes a paragraph that summarizes or evaluates the contents of each source. This paragraph is called an annotation.
There are different types of annotations:
- Summary: Your annotation will include a concise description of the contents of the source. If you are annotating a scholarly article, you must outline the author’s argument and key supporting ideas.
- Evaluation: Contains a critical assessment of the source in question. You may need to describe the source’s relevance to your research project
Your instructor may ask you to produce annotations that contain both a summary and an evaluation.
Why write an annotated bibliography?
Annotated bibliographies help guide your research process and show readers your decision-making process on why you chose your resources, as you must select research sources that best suit your topic. When writing an annotated bibliography, it is important to identify gaps in the source authors’ arguments and critically evaluate your sources.
What kinds of sources should I annotate?
Annotated bibliographies might include primary sources (e.g. archival documents, poetry and novels, life writings, etc.), secondary sources (e.g. scholarly articles, books, book chapters) or both! The contents of your annotated bibliography will depend upon your assignment. For instance, your instructor might ask you to focus on scholarly articles.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of your topic, you will need to read multiple sources. If you are evaluating a secondary source, try to identify the author’s thesis statement.
If you need help in reading and analyzing your scholarly sources, you can check out our “Critically Evaluating Sources” tutorials series, as well as determining your approach to responsible use of knowledge in our “As You Research” guide, for more information!
Sample Annotated Bibliography
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada (Chelsea Vowel)

Let’s search for a source to practice our annotated bibliographies using Western Libraries’ catalogue! Here we have chosen Chelsea Vowel’s Indigenous Writes to use as a general sample annotated bibliography that you might create during one of the many courses offered at Western University:
Citation
Vowel, C. (2016). Dirty water, dirty secrets. Indigenous writes : a guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit issues in Canada (pp. 249-258). Highwater Press.
Concise description of source content
This book offers a collection of essays and curated sources that encompass Indigenous issues in Canada within several thematic topics, such as relationship terminology, culture and identity, stereotype busting, state violence, and treaties.
Author’s argument
Vowel, a Métis-author, explores in the chapter “Dirty water, dirty secrets” the water access crises for Indigenous Peoples on-reserve in Canada, citing the human-rights violation that has been happening for extreme amounts of time.
Critical assessment of source
This essay provides an overview of water insecurity in First Nations communities, with how water advisories may not accurately capture lack of water services on-reserve, or if there are advisories in place, how they can capture the extreme length of time unsafe conditions are left in these communities.
Source relevance to personal research
This book is relevant to [my] research in exploring Canadian provincial policies regarding Indigenous issues, as although Indigenous issues are of federal concern, water safety are regulated and accountable by provincial and territorial governments. Gaps that can be further explored are what supports should be supplied by the provincial government based on input and authority from Indigenous Peoples, such as funds and human-resources to support lacking water treatment systems.
Final Results
Vowel, C. (2016). Dirty water, dirty secrets. Indigenous writes : a guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit issues in Canada (pp. 249-258). Highwater Press.
This book offers a collection of essays and curated sources that encompass Indigenous issues in Canada within several thematic topics, such as relationship terminology, culture and identity, stereotype busting, state violence, and treaties. Vowel, a Métis-author, explores in the chapter “Dirty water, dirty secrets” the water access crises for Indigenous Peoples on-reserve in Canada, citing the human-rights violation that has been happening for extreme amounts of time. This book is relevant to [my] research in exploring Canadian provincial policies regarding Indigenous issues, as although Indigenous issues are considered federal concern, water safety are regulated and accountable by provincial and territorial governments. Gaps that can be further explored are what supports should be supplied by the provincial government based on input and authority from Indigenous Peoples, such as funds and human-resources to support lacking water treatment systems.
*Note: This citation is in 7th edition APA format. Please adhere to the requirements outlined in your assignment for more information about the number of annotations in your bibliography, as well as the length of each annotation. Please consult Western Libraries’ Citation Guide for more help in citation styles and formatting.
Resources
On Annotated Bibliographies
- University of Alberta Research Guide: Annotated Bibliographies
- Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab: Annotated Bibliographies
- Seneca Polytechnic Libraries Research Guide: Annotated Bibliography
- University of Toronto Writing Advice: Writing an Annotated Bibliography
- University of Waterloo Writing and Communication Centre: Annotated Bibliographies
- The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Centre: Annotated Bibliography
Media Attributions
- Chelsea Vowel Indigenous Writes Cover, Fair Dealing for educational purposes only © Relish New Brand Experience