Canadian Immigration History Syllabus

Laura Madokoro, Daniel Ross, Franca Iacovetta, Marlene Epp, Lisa Chilton, Gilberto Fernandes, Jordan Stanger-Ross, Michael Akladios, Paul-Étienne Rainville, and Sylvie Taschereau

Canadian Immigration History Syllabus by Laura Madokoro, Daniel Ross, Franca Iacovetta, Marlene Epp, Lisa Chilton, Gilberto Fernandes, Jordan Stanger-Ross, Michael Akladios, Paul-Étienne Rainville, and Sylvie Taschereau is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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Examining new arrivals in Immigration Examination Hall, Pier 21. Chris Lund/National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque collection/Library and Archives Canada/PA-111579.

A Canadian Immigration History Syllabus

This syllabus brings together key themes, readings, sources, and questions in the history of migration to, from, and within Canada, offering a resource to educators and students, and valuable historical context for contemporary debates. It is inspired by the example of the #ImmigrationSyllabus created by migration historians in the United States in 2017.

Please feel free to share, download, and print this syllabus, or otherwise incorporate it into your teaching and immigration history related work. Wherever possible we have tried to use and link to free, open-access readings and resources.

Authors & coordinators: Daniel Ross and Laura Madokoro

Collaborators/advisory group: Michael Akladios, Lisa Chilton, Marlene Epp, Gilberto Fernandes, Franca Iacovetta, Paul-Étienne Rainville, Jordan Stanger-Ross, Sylvie Taschereau

1

On Migration History

What is migration history? How does it differ from immigration history? What is ethnicity and how is it constructed?

Christiane Harzig and Dirk Hoerder, with Donna Gabaccia, “Migration in Human History—the Long View,” in What is Migration History? (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009), 8-52

Yves Frenette, « Migrating, Migration Out, Migrating Within Canada: une approche micro-historique », dans Sarkowsky et al., dir., Migration, Regionalization, Citizenship: Comparing Canada and Europe (Springer, 2015), 15-26.

Kathleen Neils Conzen, David A. Gerber, Ewa Morawska, George E. Pozzetta, and Rudolph J. Vecoli. “The Invention of Ethnicity: A Perspective from the U.S.A,” Journal of American Ethnic History 12, no. 1 (1992): 3-41.

Donna Gabaccia, “‘Is Everywhere Nowhere?’ Nomads, Nations, and the Immigrant Paradigm of American History,” Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 3 (December 1999): 1115-3434.

Franca Iacovetta, Les immigrants dans l’historiographie anglo-canadienne (Société historique du Canada, 1997)

or/ou

Franca Iacovetta, The Writing of English Canadian Immigrant History (Canadian Historical Association, 1997), 1-23.

Sylvie Taschereau, “Beyond the Historiographical Enclave? Studying Migrations and Ethnicity in Québec,” in Stéphan Gervais, Raffaele Iacovino and Mary-Anne Poutanen, Engaging with Diversity: Multidisciplinary Reflections on Plurality from Quebec (Brussels, Peter Lang, 2018), 54-72.

et/ou

Sylvie Taschereau « L’histoire de l’immigration au Québec : une invitation à fuir les ghettos. » Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 414 (1988): 575–589.

Roberto Perin, “National Histories and Ethnic History in Canada.” Cahiers de Recherche Sociologique 20 (1993): 113-128.

Historical overviews

Reg Whitaker, Canadian Immigration Policy (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1991).

ou/or

Reg Whitaker,La politique canadienne d’immigration depuis la Confédération (Ottawa, Société historique du Canada, 1991).

Michael Behiels, Quebec and the Question of Immigration: From Ethnocentrism to Ethnic Pluralism, 1900-1985 (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1991).

or/ou

Michael Behiels, Le Québec et la question de l’immigration: de l’ethnocentrisme au pluralisme ethnique, 1900-1985 (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 1991).

Victor Piché, « Un siècle d’immigration au Québec : de la peur à l’ouverture », dans Piché et Le Bourdais, dirs., La démographie québécois. Enjeu du XXIe siècle (Montréal : PUM, 2003), 224-58.

Dominique Daniel, « Une autre nation d’immigrants : La politique d’immigration au Canada au 20e siècle », Vingtième Siècle, Revue d’histoire No. 77 (Jan.-Mar. 2003), 33-46.

2

Migration and Methodology

What methods do scholars use to study migration history? What are the possibilities and the limits of the different types of sources they use?

Lisa Chilton and Yukari Takai, “East Coast, West Coast: Using Government Files to Study Immigration History.” Histoire sociale/Social history 48, no. 96 (2015): 7-23.

Marlene Epp, “Eating Across Borders: Reading Immigrant Cookbooks.” Histoire sociale/Social history 48, no. 96 (2015): 45-65.

Ryan C. Eyford, ““Close together, though miles and miles apart”: Family, Distance, and Emotion in the Letters of the Taylor Sisters, 1881-1921.” Histoire sociale/Social history 48, no. 96 (2015): 67-86.

or/ou

Frenette, Gendreau, Scardellato, Willis, « L’expérience migratoire et la création d’un espace épistolaire : une étude de cas », dans Andrée Courtemanche et Martin Pâquet, dirs., Prendre la route : L’expérience migratoire en Europe et en Amérique du Nord du XIVe au XXe siècle (Hull : Vents d’Ouest, 2001) 173-93.

Alexander Freund, Oral History and Ethnic History (Canadian Historical Association, 2014).

or/ou

Alexander Freund, L’Histoire orale et l’histoire des groupes ethniques (Société historique du Canada, 2014).

Dirk Hoerder, “Historians and Their Data: The Complex Shift from Nation-State Approaches to the Study of People’s Transcultural Lives.” Journal of American Ethnic History 25.4 (2006): 85-96.

Royden Loewen, “Competing Cosmologies: Reading Migration and Identity in an Ethno-religious Newspaper.” Histoire sociale/Social history 48, no. 96 (2015): 87-105.

Resources

Library and Archives Canada has several useful digitized databases and document collections allowing students to examine original immigration documents. These include databases of ship arrivals, passenger lists, migrant porters and domestics, Chinese migrants, and naturalization documents. Visit them here.

La Bibliothèque et Archives Canada possède une vaste collection de sources historiques numérisées sur l’immigration, dont des bases de données d’immigrants pour le Canada, de navires, de porteurs et domestiques, de migrants Chinois, et de dossiers de naturalisation.

Visitez leur site ici.

Pier21/Quai21 https://pier21.ca/

https://masscapture.ca, a collection of Chinese head tax certificates

The Portuguese Canadian History Project https://pchp-phlc.ca/

The Greek Canadian History Project http://archives.library.yorku.ca/gchp/

The Coptic Canadian History Project https://thecchp.com/about/

The Italian-Canadian Archives Project https://icap.ca/

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Who was mobile in colonial North America of the 16th-19th centuries? How were migrations in what would become Canada shaped by race, slavery, and indenture?

José C. Moya, “Canada and the Atlantic World : Migration from a Hemispheric Perspective, 1500-1800” in Benjamin Bryce and Alexander Freud, Entangling Migration History: Borderlands and transnationalism in the United States and Canada (University Press of Florida, 2015).

Sylvia Van Kirk, “From “Marrying-In” to “Marrying-Out”: Changing Patterns of Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Marriage in Colonial Canada,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies, 3 (2002): 1-11.

Peter Moogk, “Reluctant Exiles : Emigrants from France in Canada before 1760”, William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 46, n° 3, (1989): 50-502.

Jan Noel, Along a River: The First French Canadian Women (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013).

Adele Perry, “Whose Sisters and What Eyes? White Women, Race, and Immigration to British Columbia, 1849–1871”, in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Hudson Beattie, Judith, and Helen Buss, eds. Undelivered Letters to Hudson’s Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast of America, 1830-57 (Vancouver and Toronto, UBC Press, 2003).

Afua Cooper, The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2011).

Charmaine Nelson, Slavery, geography and empire in nineteenth-century marine landscapes of Montreal and Jamaica (London: Routledge, 2016), Chapter Two “A Tale of Two Empires” and Chapter Three “Representing the Enslaved in Montreal.”

James Walker, “Land and Settlement in Nova Scotia: The establishment of a free black community,” The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).

Resources

Norma Bailey, Ikwe, 1985, 57 min.

Toronto Public Library, Freedom City.

Naomi Moyer & Funké Aladejebi, Remember / Resist / Redraw #02: Chloe Cooley, Black History, and Slavery in Canada (Graphic History Collective, 2017).

4

Canada and Global Migrations, 1830-1918

In what way was Canada part of the global movement of people during the long nineteenth century? What propelled or inhibited migration in this period?

Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), Chapter 1 (pgs. 3-39) [overview of historiographic debates (i.e. “exceptionalism”), patterns and motives of European transatlantic migration]; Chapter 2 (pgs. 41-107) if you want more detail about some sending countries/regions; and Chapter 3, section 14 (pgs: 136-148), about Canada, and section 16 (pg. 163-166), conclusion.

Franc Sturino, Forging the Chain: A Case Study of Italian Migration to North America, 1880-1930 (Toronto: MHSO, 1990).

Bruno Ramirez, On the Move: French-Canadian and Italian Migrants in the North Atlantic Economy, 1860-1914 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991).

ou/or

Bruno Ramirez, Par monts et par vaux. Migrants canadiens-français et italiens dans l’économie nord-atlantique : 1860-1914 (Montréal : Boréal, 1992).

Lisa Chilton, Agents of Empire: British Female Migration to Canada and Australia, 1860s-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).

Lisa Chilton, Receiving Canada’s Immigrants: The Work of the State Before 1930 (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2016).

ou/or

Lisa Chilton, Accueillir les immigrants au Canada. Le travail de l’État avant 1930 (Ottawa : Société Historique du Canada, 2016).

Adam McKeown, « Les migrations internationales à l’ère de la mondialisation industrielle, 1840-1940 », Le mouvement social 241 (2012/4), 31-46.

or/ou

Adam McKeown, “Global Migration 1846-1940,” Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (2004): 155-189.

José C. Moya, “A Continent of Immigrants: Postcolonial Shifts in the Western Hemisphere,” Hispanic American Historical Review 86:1 (2006): 1–28.

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The Exclusion Era, 1885-1947

For what reasons did Canada place restrictions on immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? How was this process connected to changing images of the nation and the role of the state?

Mariana Valverde, “Racial purity, sexual purity, and immigration policy,” in Barrington Walker, ed. The History of Immigration and Racism in Canada: Essential Readings (Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 2008), ch. 12.

Angus McLaren, “Stemming the flood of defective aliens,” in Barrington Walker, ed. The History of Immigration and Racism in Canada: Essential Readings (Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 2008), Ch. 13.

Jared G. Toney, “Locating Diaspora: Afro-Caribbean Narratives of Migration and Settlement in Toronto, 1914-1929.” Urban History Review / Revue d’histoire urbaine, vol. 38, no. 2, 2010, pp. 75–87.

Erika Lee, “Enforcing the borders: Chinese exclusion along the US borders with Canada and Mexico, 1882–1924”, Journal of American Ethnic History 89(1) (2002): 54-86.

Paula Hastings, “The Limits of “Brotherly Love”: Rethinking Canadian – Caribbean Relations in the Early 20th Century” in Laura Madokoro, Francine McKenzie and David Meren, eds., Dominion of Race: Rethinking Canada’s International History (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2017): 38-53.

Lisa Mar, Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada’s Exclusion Era (New York: OUP, 2010). Chapter 1: Negotiating Protection: Illegal Immigration and Party Machines.

John Price, Orienting Canada: Race, Empire and the Transpacific (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011). Prologue to War: Race, Empire and Migration (focuses on 1907 race riot and Gentleman’s Agreement).

Enakshi Dua, “Exclusion through Inclusion: Female Asian migration in the making of Canada as a white settler nation,” Gender, Place & Culture 14(4) (2007): 445-466.

Renisa Mawani, “Specters of Indigeneity in British – Indian Migration 1914,” Law & Society Review 46(2) (2012): 369-403.

Patricia Roy, A White Man’s Province: British Columbia Politicians and Chinese and Japanese Immigrants, 1885-1914 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2015).

Peter Ward, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Towards Orientals in British Columbia (Montreal: MQUP, 2002).

Renisa Mawani, Colonial Proximities (Vancouver, UBC Press, 2009). Chapter Four: National Formations and Racial Selves: Chinese traffickers and aboriginal victims in British Columbia’s illicit liquor trade.

Jean Barman, “Beyond Chinatown: Chinese Men and Indigenous Women in Early British Columbia,” BC Studies (177) (2013): 39-64.

Bruce Shepard, “Diplomatic Racism: Canadian Government and Black Migration from Oklahoma, 1905-1912.” Great Plains Quarterly 3, no. 1 (1983): 5-16.

Laura Ishiguro and Laura Madokoro, “White Supremacy, Political Violence and Community, 1907 to 2017”, in Daniel Ross, ed., Confronting Canadian Migration History (Active History, 2019).

Resources

Karin Lee, Cedar and Bamboo (https://www.knowledge.ca/program/cedar-and-bamboo).

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Migration and Ethnicity in the First World War

How did race and ethnicity shape the experience of Canadians in the First World War? In what ways did the First World War change migration opportunities?

Isabel Kaprielian-Churchill, “Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport,” International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (1994): 281-306.

John Herd Thompson, Ethnic Minorities during Two World Wars (Canadian Historical Association, 1991).

ou/or

John Herd Thompson, Les minorités ethniques pendant les guerres mondiales (Société historique du Canada, 1991).

John Price, “Asian Canadians in the First World War,” in Laura Madokoro, Francine McKenzie and David Meren, eds., Dominion of Race: Rethinking Canada’s International History (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2017): 54-72.

Sandra Semchuk, The Stories Were Not Told: Canada’s First World War Internment Camps (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2018).

Resources

Film: Violent August: The 1918 Anti-Greek Riots in Toronto (2009) http://violentaugust.com

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Deportation and Internment

How did race, class, and gender affect deportation and interment policies during the Interwar and Second World War periods? How did people targeted by these policies respond?

Dennis Molinaro, Deportation from Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2018).

or

Barbara Roberts, “Chapter 8: Shovelling out the Redundant,” in Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, 1900-1935 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988).

Dennis Molinaro, La pratique des expulsions au Canada (Ottawa: Société historique du Canada, 2018).

et/ou

Steven Schwinghamer, « La déportation du Canada au cours de la Grande Dépression », Quai21.

Rhonda Hinther, “”Sincerest revolutionary greetings”: men and the interwar Ukrainian Left” in Perogies and Politics: Canada’s Ukrainian Left, 1891-1991 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018).

Carmela Patrias, “Race, Employment Discrimination, and State Complicity in Wartime Canada, 1939-1945.” Labour no. 59 (Spring, 2007): 9-42

Eric Adams, Jordan Stanger-Ross, and the Landscapes of Injustice Research Collective, “Promises of Law: The Unlawful Dispossession of Japanese Canadians,”Osgoode Hall Law Journal 54, 3 (2017), 687-740.

Jordan Stanger-Ross and Nicholas Blomley, “‘My Land is worth a million dollars’: How Japanese Canadians contested their dispossession in the 1940s,” Law and History Review 35, 3 (2017), 711-751.

Greg Robinson, Un drame de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale. Le sort de la minorité japonaise aux États-Unis et au Canada (Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2012).

Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012).

or

Irving Abella and Harold Troper, “The Line Must Be Drawn Somewhere: Canada and Jewish Refugees, 1933-1939,” Canadian Historical Review 60:2 (1979): 178-209.

David Zimmerman, “‘Narrow Minded People’: Canadian Academics and the Academic Refugee Crises, 1933-41,” Canadian Historical Review 88, 2 (June 2007), 291-316.

Ivana Caccia, Managing the Canadian Mosaic in Wartime: Shaping Citizenship Policy, 1939-1945 (McGill-Queen’s, 2010), “Setting Up the Committee on Cooperation in Canadian Citizenship.”

Resources

Orion Keresztesi and Kassandra Luciuk, Remember/Resist/Redraw 17: Canada’s Internment of Ukrainians (Graphic History Collective, 2018).

“‘Enemy Aliens’ The Internment of Jewish Refugees in Canada, 1940-43.” Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre. Virtual Museum of Canada.

Landscapes of Injustice, Primary Source Cache: Records of the Forced Uprooting, Internment, Dispossession, and Exile of Japanese Canadians, 2019.

“Enemy Aliens“, NFB, Jeannette Lerman, 1975, 26 min.

“Italian Canadians as Enemy Aliens: Memories of World War II,” Columbus Centre/Villa Charities.

8

Migration and Ethnicity in the Cold War

How did the context of Cold War anxiety and post-WWII prosperity shape immigration priorities and experiences, and the changing meanings of citizenship in Canada?

Ninette Kelley and Michael Trebelcock, The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), ch. 8, 316-52..

Franca Iacovetta, Gatekeepers: Reshaping Immigrant Lives in Cold War Canada (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2006), Chapter 5 (103-134).

Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen, Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), ch. 3-4 (37-100).

Julie Gilmour, “The Kind of People Canada Wants: Canada and the Displaced Persons, 1943-1953,” Unpublished Thesis (University of Toronto, 2009).

Laura Madokoro, “‘Slotting’ Chinese Families and Refugees, 1947-1967,” Canadian Historical Review 93:1 (2012): 25-56.

Carmela Patrias and Ruth A. Frager, “‘This Is Our Country, These Are Our Rights’: Minorities and the Origins of Ontario’s Human Rights Campaigns,” Canadian Historical Review 82:1 (2001): 1-35.

Franca Iacovetta, “Freedom Lovers, Sex Deviates and Damaged Women: Iron Curtain Refugee Discourses in Cold War Canada,” in Richard Cavell, ed. Love, Hate and Fear in Canada’s Cold War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000): 77-107.

Franca Iacovetta, “Recipes for Democracy? Gender, Family, and Making Female Citizens in Cold War Canada,” Canadian Women Studies / Les Cahiers de Femme 20:2 (2000):12–21.

Paul-André Linteau, « L’histoire de l’immigration au Québec depuis 1945. Nouvelles approches, nouveaux enjeux », Migrance 34 (2009): 30-41.

Martin Pâquet, Towards a Québec Ministry of Immigration, 1945-1968 (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1997).

ou/or

Martin Pâquet, Vers une ministère québécoise de l’immigration, 1945-1968 (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 1997).

9

Multiculturalism, Pluralism, and Nation-Building

How has ethnic diversity been managed by civil society and the state in the past? What are interculturalism and multiculturalism, and how are they connected to nationalist projects in Canada?

Ninette Kelley and Michael Trebelcock, The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), ch. 9, 352-380.

Kevin Woodger, “Whiteness and Ambiguous Canadianization: The Boy Scouts Association and the Canadian Cadet Organization,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 28.1 (2017): 95-126. This article focuses mostly on the interwar period but will be helpful in understanding the origins of postwar multiculturalism.

Patricia Roy. The Triumph of Citizenship: The Chinese and Japanese in Canada, 1941-1967 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2014).

Robert Harney, “‘So Great a Heritage as Ours’.” Immigration and the Survival of the Canadian Polity.” Daedalus (Fall 1988): 51-97.

Gérard Bouchard, “Qu’est ce que l’interculturalisme ? / What is Interculturalism?”. McGill Law Journal 56, no 2 (February 2011) : 395–468.

Wenona Giles, Portuguese Women in Toronto. Gender, Immigration and Nationalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), Conclusion (112-130).

Paul Eid, Being Arab: Ethnic and Religious Identity Building among Second Generation Youth in Montreal (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007) – Chapter 3 (47-61) and chapter 7 (151-178).

Stephen Fielding “Ethnicity as an Exercise in Sport: European Immigrants, Soccer Fandom, and the Making of Canadian Multiculturalism, 1945–1979,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 34, 10 (2017), 970-991.

Resources

Vijay Agnew, Where I Come From (Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2003) (Intro, chapters 1-3).

Barry Greenwald, Who Gets In, NFB, 1989, 52 min.

Tahani Rached, Haïti (Québec) NFB, 1985, 59 min

10

Refuge and Asylum

How has the experience of refugees to Canada changed over time? How have Canadian refugee and immigration policies changed over time?

Isabel Kaprielian-Churchill, “Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport.” The International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (1994): 281-306.

Sean Mills, “Quebec, Haiti, and the Deportation Crisis of 1974,” The Canadian Historical Review, v94 n3 (2013): 405-435.

ou/or

Martin Pâquet et Érick Duchesne, « Étude de la complexité d’un événement : les responsables politiques québécois et les immigrants illégaux haïtiens, 1972-1974 » Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 50:2 (1996), 173-200.

Marlene Epp, Refugees in Canada: A Brief History (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2017).

or/ou

Marlene Epp, Les réfugiés au Canada. Un survol historique (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 2017).

Andrew S. Thompson and Stephanie Bangarth, “Transnational Christian Charity: The Canadian Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, and the Hungarian Refugee Crisis, 1956–1957.” American Review of Canadian Studies 38.3 (2008): 295-316.

Jan Raska,”Humanitarian Gesture: Canada and the Tibetan Resettlement Program, 1971–5,” The Canadian Historical Review, vol. 97 no. 4, 2016, pp. 546-575.

Jan Raska, “Remembering the Prague Spring Refugees,” in Daniel Ross, ed. Confronting Canadian Migration History (Active History, 2019).

Stephanie Bangarth, “Canada’s Complicated History of Refugee Reception,” in Daniel Ross, Confronting Canadian Migration History (Active History, 2019).

Resources

Historica Canada Heritage Minute, The Boat People (2017) https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/boat-people-refugees

Historica Canada Heritage Minute, Underground Railroad (1991). https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/underground-railroad

Montreal Holocaust Museum, Building New Lives. http://refairesavie.museeholocauste.ca/eng/

or/ou

Musée Holocauste Montréal, Refaire sa vie. http://refairesavie.museeholocauste.ca/fra

Peter Showler, Refugee Sandwich: Stories of Refuge and Exile (MQUP, 2006). Conveys the experience of refugees appearing in front of the Immigration and Refugee Board.

11

Indigenous Migrations

How does a focus on Indigenous mobility, or lack thereof, shape our understanding of migration history more generally?

Coll Thrush, Indigenous London: Native Travelers at the Heart of Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), ch. 2-3.

Cecilia Morgan, Travellers Through Empire: Indigenous Voyages from Early Canada (Montreal: MQUP, 2017).

Gerhard Ens, “Dispossession or Adaptation? Migration and Persistence of the Red River Metis, 1835‑1890“. Historical Papers 23, no. 1 (1988): 120–144.

or

Jean Teillet, “The Internal Migrations of the Métis of the Canadian Northwest,” Canadian Diversity 8(6) (2011): 13.

Sylvia Van Kirk, “From “Marrying-In” to “Marrying-Out”: Changing Patterns of Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Marriage in Colonial Canada,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies, 3 (2002): 1-11.

Evelyn Peters, “Our City Indians: Negotiating the Meaning of First Nations Urbanization in Canada” Journal of Historical Geography (2002), 75-92.

Victoria Freeman, ““Toronto Has No History!” Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, and Historical Memory in Canada’s Largest City” Urban History Review 38, 2 (2010), 21–35.

Jordan Stanger-Ross, “Municipal Colonialism in Vancouver: City Planning and the Conflict over Indian Reserves, 1928–1950s,” Canadian Historical Review 89, 4 (2008), 541-580.

Resources

Alex Williams, The Pass System, 50 min.

Benjamin Hoy, “Little Bear’s Cree and Canada’s Uncomfortable History of Refugee Creation,” in Daniel Ross, ed., Confronting Canadian Migration History (Active History, 2019).

Fort Odanak: http://www.fort-odanak.ca/index-eng

ou/or

Fort Odanak : http://www.fort-odanak.ca/index-fra

12

Migration and North American Borderlands

How important is the border to studies of North American migration? In what ways?

Peter Marshall, “Americans in Upper Canada, 1791-1812: “Late Loyalists” or Early Immigrants,” in Barrington Walker, ed. The History of Immigration and Racism in Canada: Essential Readings (Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 2008), ch.3.

Bruno Ramirez, Crossing the 49th Parallel: Migration from Canada to the United States, 1900-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001)

ou/or

Bruno Ramirez avec Yves Otis, La ruée vers le sud. Migrations du Canada vers les États-Unis (Montréal: Boréal, 2003).

Erika Lee, “Enforcing the borders: Chinese exclusion along the US borders with Canada and Mexico, 1882–1924”, Journal of American Ethnic History 89(1) (2002): 54-86.

Magda Fahrni and Yves Frenette, “« Don’t I long for Montreal »: L’identité hybride d’une jeune migrante franco-américaine pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.” Histoire sociale/Social history 41, no. 81 (2008): 75-98.

Yukari Takai, “Asian Migrants, Exclusionary Laws, and Transborder Migration in North America, 1880–1940,” OAH Magazine of History, Volume 23, Issue 4:1 (October 2009), 35–42.

Rachel Wolters, “As Migrants and as Immigrants: African Americans Search for Land and Liberty in the Great Plains, 1890–1912.” Great Plains Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2015): 333-355.

Benjamin Bryce, “Entangled Communities: German Lutherans in Ontario and North America, 1880-1930” in Benjamin Bryce and Alexander Freud, Entangling Migration History: Borderlands and Transnationalism in the United States and Canada (University Press of Florida, 2015).

Kathleen Rodgers & Darcy Ingram, “Ideological Migration and War Resistance in British Columbia’s West Kootenays”, American Review of Canadian Studies, 44:1 (2014), 96-117.

13

Work and Economic Migrations

How have migrants experienced work and the labour market in Canada? How have they been perceived and treated as workers?

Donald Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada’s Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995).

Nandita Sharma, Home Economics: Nationalism and the Making of ‘Migrant Workers’ in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006). Chapter Four: Canadian Parliamentary Discourse and the Making of ‘Migrant Workers’.

Marilyn Barber, Immigrant Domestic Servants in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1991).

ou/or

Marilyn Barber, Les domestiques immigrantes au Canada (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 1991).

Robert Harney, “Montreal’s King of Italian Labour: A Case Study of Padronism.” Labour / Le Travail 4 (1979): 57-84.

Carmela Patrias, “More Menial than Housemaids? Racialized and Gendered Labour in the Fruit and Vegetable Industry of Canada’s Niagara Region, 1880–1945.” Labour / Le Travail 78 (2016): 69-104.

Sean Mills, A Place in the Sun: Haiti, Haitians, and the Remaking of Quebec (Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016), ch. 6 “The location of knowledge”, p. 166-93.

or/ou

Sean Mills, Une place au soleil : Haïti, les Haïtiens, et le Québec (Montréal : Mémoire d’encrier, 2016), ch 6 «La place de la connaissance », p. 237-81

Glenda Tibe Bonifacio, “I Care for You, Who Cares for Me? Transitional Services for Filipino Live-in Caregivers in Canada,” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017), 252-70.

Daiva Stasiulis and Abigail Bakan, ““Underdevelopment, Structural Adjustment and Gendered Migration from the West Indies and the Philippines” (Chapter 3)” in Negotiating Citizenship: Migrant Women in Canada and the Global System (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

Danièle Bélanger and Guillermo Candiz, “Essentiels, fiables et invisibles : Les travailleurs agricoles migrants latino-américains au Québec vus par la population locale.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 46, no. 1 (2014): 45-66.

Resources

Kwentong Bayan Collective and Ethel Tungohan, Remember / Resist / Redraw #03: Caregiving Work in Canada (Graphic History Collective, 2017).

“City Builders: a History of Immigrant Construction Workers in Postwar Toronto”: https://toronto-city-builders.org/

TXTilecity: http://txtilecity.ca/index.php

14

Labour and Radicalism

How have migrants organized politically along lines of class and ethnicity? How has organized labour influenced the politics of inclusion and exclusion?

Ian Radforth, “Finnish Radicalism and Labour Activism in the Northern Ontario Woods” & Varpu Lindström, “‘I won’t be a slave!’ Finnish Domestics in Canada, 1911-1930,” in A Nation of Immigrants: Women, Workers, and Communities in Canadian History, 1840s-1960s, ed. by Franca Iacovetta et al. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 166-86.

Agnes Calliste, “The Struggle for Employment Equity by Blacks on American and Canadian Railroads.” Journal of Black Studies 25, no. 3 (1995): 297-317.

David Goutor, Guarding the Gates: The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration, 1872-1934 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2014).

Rhonda Hinther, “Raising Funds and Class-Consciousness: Women and the Interwar Ukrainian Left,” (Chapter Two) in Perogies and Politics: Canada’s Ukrainian Left, 1891-1991 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018).

Ruth A. Frager, Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 (University of Toronto Press, 1992), ch. 3.

Ruth A. Frager, “”Mixing with People on Spadina”: The Tense Relations between Non-Jewish Workers and Jewish Workers,” in A History of Human Rights in Canada: Essential Issues (Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2009).

et/ou

Dansereau, « La place des travailleurs juifs dans le mouvement ouvrier québécois au début du XXe siècle. », dans P. Anctil, I. Robinson, G. Bouchard, dir., Juifs et Canadiens français dans la société québécoise (Sillery, Septentrion, 1999), 127-154.

15

Gender, Family, and Migration

In what ways have gender and family structured migrations and settlement in the past? How has this changed over time?

Laurie Bertram, “Fashioning Conflicts: Gender, Power, and Icelandic Immigrant Hair and Clothing in North America, 1874–1933”, and Ashleigh Androsoff, “A Larger Frame: ‘Redressing’ the Image of Doukhobor-Canadian Women in the Twentieth Century” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Robert Harney, “Men without Women: Italian Migrants in Canada, 1885-1930,” in Franca Iacovetta et al, eds., A Nation of Immigrants: Women, Workers, and Communities in Canadian History, 1840s-1960s (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 206-30.

Moira Martin, “‘A future not of riches but of comfort’: The emigration of pauper children from Bristol to Canada, 1870-1915,” Immigrants & Minorities, 19:1 (2000), 25-52.

Yukari Takai, « Expérience de travail et sexe comme critères migratoires : le cas des immigrantes canadiennes-françaises à Lowell (Massachusetts) au début du XXe siècle ». Francophonies d’Amérique no 11 (2001) : 183–193.

Yolande Cohen and Linda Guerry, “Discours et pratiques transnationales. La YWCA et l’immigration au Canada (1918–1939).” The Canadian Historical Review 94, no. 3 (2013): 380-404.

Yukari Takai, “‘These Japanese Continuously Violated the Alien-Contract Labour Laws’: The Gendered Paths of Labourers, Farmers, and Housewives from Japan Traversing the Canada-U.S. Border in the Early Twentieth Century,” Histoire sociale/Social History 80 (November 2007): 297–322.

Karen Dubinsky. “Babies Without Borders: Rescue, Kidnap, and the Symbolic Child.” Journal of Women’s History 19, no. 1 (2007): 142-150.

Franca Iacovetta, “Chapter 4: From Contadina to Woman Worker,” Such Hardworking People. Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992), 77-102.

Wenona Giles, Portuguese Women in Toronto. Gender, Immigration and Nationalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002).

Lisa Chilton, “Sex Scandals and Papist Plots: The Mid-Nineteenth-Century World of an Irish Nurse in Quebec,” Journal of Women’s History. 27:3 (Autumn 2015): 109-31.

Resources

Digital history: “Chinese Canadian Women, 1923-1967.” Multicultural History Society of Ontario.

16

On Migration and Settler Colonialism

What is the relationship between migration and settler colonialism? How might this relationship affect our study of the history of migration?

Adele Perry, On the Edge of Empire: Gender, Race, and the Making of British Columbia, 1849-1871 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001). Chapters 5 and 6.

Malissa Phung, “Are People of Colour Settlers Too?” in A. Mathur, J. Dewar, M. DeGagné, dirs., Cultivating Canada : Reconciliation through the Lens of Cultural Diversity (Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2011), 289-96.

ou/or

Malissa Phung, “Les peuples de couleur sont-ils aussi des colons?” dans A. Mathur, J. Dewar, M. DeGagné, eds, Cultiver le Canada. Réconciliation sous l’éclairage de la diversité culturelle (Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2011), 295-304.

Laura Ishiguro, “Growing Up and Grown Up…in Our Future City”: Discourses of Childhood and Settler Futurity in Colonial British Columbia.” BC Studies 190 (2016): 15-37.

Laura Madokoro, “Peril and Possibility: A Contemplation of the Current State of Migration History and Settler Colonial Studies in Canada,” https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12516 and “On Future Research Directions: Temporality and Permanency in the Study of Migration and Settler Colonialism in Canada”, History Compass 16:12 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12515.

Cecilia Morgan, Building Better Britains? Settler Societies in the British World, 1783–1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016).

Franca Iacovetta and Heidi Bohaker, “Making Aboriginal People ‘Immigrants Too’: A Comparison of Citizenship Programs for Newcomers and Indigenous Peoples in Postwar Canada, 1940s–1960s,” Canadian Historical Review, 90, 36 (September 2009): 427-461.

Ryan Eyford, White Settler Reserve: New Iceland and the Colonization of the Canadian West (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2016).

Sarah Carter, Old Stock Canadians: Arab Settlers in Western Canada, in Daniel Ross ed., Confronting Canadian Migration History (Active History, 2019).

Bonita Lawrence and Enakshi Dua, “Decolonizing Anti-Racism,” Social Justice, 32:4 (2005): 120-143.

Nandita Sharma and Cynthia Wright, “Decolonizing Resistance, Challenging Colonial States,” Social Justice 35:3 (2008-2009): 120-138.

17

Migrants and the Canadian City

How have migrants shaped Canadian cities, and how have their lives been shaped by the urban environments they have lived and worked in?

Jordan Stanger-Ross, Staying Italian: Urban Change and Ethnic Life in Postwar Toronto and Philadelphia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

and/or

Jordan Stanger-Ross, “An Inviting Parish: Community without Locality in Postwar Italian Toronto,” Canadian Historical Review 87, no. 3 (2006): 381-407.

Paul Eid, Being Arab: Ethnic and Religious Identity Building among Second Generation Youth in Montreal (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007) – Chapter 3 (47-61) and chapter 7 (151-178).

John Zucchi, A History of Ethnic Enclaves in Canada (Canadian Historical Association, 2007), 1-23.

or/ou

John Zucchi, Une histoire des enclaves ethniques au Canada (Ottawa: Société historique du Canada, 2007).

Germain, D. Rose et M. Richard, « Les banlieues de l’immigration ou quand les immigrants refont les banlieues », dans D. Fougères, dir. Histoire de Montréal et de sa région, Tome II (PUL, 2012), 1109-42.

or/ou

Germain, D. Rose and M. Richard, “Building and Reshaping the Suburban Landscape: The Role of Immigrant Communities”, in D. Fougères & R. Macleod, Montreal: The History of a North American City (McGill-Queen’s, 2018), 313-52.

Robert Harney, “Boarding and Belonging.” Urban History Review/Revue d’histoire urbaine (2), 1978: 8-37.

Robert Harney, “The Immigrant City.” Vice Versa 24, 1998: 4-6.

Mary Anne Poutanen and Jason Gilliland, “Mapping Work in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal: A Rabbi, a Neighbourhood, and a Community,” Urban History Review/Revue d’histoire urbaine 45: 2 (2018), 7–24.

Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen, Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009).

Magda Fahrni and Yves Frenette, “« Don’t I long for Montreal »: L’identité hybride d’une jeune migrante franco-américaine pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.” Histoire sociale/Social history 41, no. 81 (2008): 75-98.

Mensah and D. Firang. “The African Diaspora in Montréal and Halifax. A Comparative Overview of the ‘Entangled Burdens of Race, Class, and Space’,” and J. T. Darden “The African Diaspora: Historical and Contemporary Immigration and Employment Practices in Toronto,” in The African Diaspora in the United States and Canada at the Dawn of the 21st Century. John W. Frazier, Jow T. Darden, Norah F. Henry ed. (State University of New York Press, 2010): 35-60.

Kay Anderson, Vancouver’s Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991) Chapters 1-2 (8-72).

Kwok Chan, “Ethnic urban space, urban displacement and forced relocation: The case of Chinatown in Montreal”, Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes Ethniques au Canada, vol. 18, no 2, 1986, 65-78.

Pierre Anctil, “Un shtetl dans la ville: la zone de résidence juive à Montréal avant 1945”, Tur Malka. Flâneries sur les cimes de l’histoire juive montréalaise (Montréal, 1992), p. 55-74.

Resources

Historica Canada Heritage Minute, Kensington Market (2017).

18

Building Communities of Faith and Solidarity

How have newcomers created community through collective action and religious and secular institutions in different periods of Canadian history?

Robert J. Grace, “Irish Immigration and Settlement in a Catholic City: Quebec, 1842–61.” The Canadian Historical Review 84, no. 2 (2003): 217-251.

Brian Clarke, Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto, 1850 – 1895 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993), Chapters 7, 8 & 10.

Carmela Patrias, Patriots and Proletarians. Politicizing Hungarian Immigrants in Interwar Canada (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994), 95-168.

Jordan Stanger-Ross, “An Inviting Parish: Community without Locality in Postwar Italian Toronto,” Canadian Historical Review 87, no. 3 (2006): 381-407.

Sean Mills, A Place in the Sun: Haiti, Haitians, and the Remaking of Quebec (Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016), ch. 6 “The location of knowledge”, p. 166-93.

ou/or

Sean Mills, Une place au soleil : Haïti, les Haïtiens, et le Québec (Montréal : Mémoire d’encrier, 2016), ch 6 «La place de la connaissance », p. 237-81.

Sylvie Taschereau, « Échapper à Shylock : la Hebrew Free Loan Association of Montreal entre antisémitisme et intégration, 1911-1913 », Revue de l’histoire de l’Amérique française 59:4 (printemps 2006) : 451-80.

Michael Akladios, “Navigating Sacred Spaces: Coptic Immigrants in 1960s Toronto,” Left History 21.1 (Spring/Summer 2017): 109-122.

Gilberto Fernandes, “Beyond the “Politics of Toil”: Collective Mobilization and Individual Activism in Toronto’s Portuguese Community, 1950s–1990s,” Urban History Review 39, no 1 (Fall 2010) : 59–72.

Francis Swyripa, Storied Landscapes. Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies (University of Manitoba Press, 2010).

et/ou

Royden Loewen, Traits de culture des agriculteurs allophones dans l’ouest du Canada (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 2002).

or/ou

Royden Loewen, Ethnic Farm Culture in Western Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2002).

Roberto Perin, L’Église des immigrants : les allophones au sein du catholicisme canadien, 1880-1920 (Ottawa: Société historique du Canada, 1998).

or/ou

Roberto Perin, The Third Force in Canadian Catholicism, 1880-1920(Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1998).

Louise E. Sweet, “Reconstituting a Lebanese Village Society in a Canadian City,” in Arabic Speaking Communities in American Cities, edited by Barbara C. Aswad, (New York Centre for Migration Studies, 1974), 39-52.

19

Migration, Community, and Memory

How do different generations experience migration? What is the relationship between migration and memory?

Henry Yu, “Provocation” in Laura Madokoro, Francine McKenzie and David Meren, eds., Dominion of Race: Rethinking Canada’s International History (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2017).

Marlene Epp, “The Memory of Violence,” Journal of Women’s History 9:1 (Spring 1997): 58-87.

Mark McGowan, Creating Canadian Historical Memory: The Case of the Famine Migration of 1847 (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2006).

ou/or

Mark McGowan, Produire la mémoire historique canadienne. Le cas des migrations de la famine de 1847 (Ottawa : Société historique du Canada, 2006).

Paula Draper, “Surviving Their Survival: Women, Memory, and the Holocaust,” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Pamela Sugiman, “Days You Remember: Japanese Canadian Women and the Violations of Internment,” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Jordan Stanger-Ross, “Telling a Difficult Past: Kishizo Kimura’s Memoir of Entanglement in Racist Policy,” BC Studies, 181 (Spring 2014), 39-62.

Nadia Jones–Gailani, “Feminist Oral History and Assessing the Dueling Narratives of Iraqi Women in Diaspora,” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Grace L. Sanders Johnson, “Haitian Feminist Diasporic Lakou: Haitian Women’s Community Organizing in Montreal, 1960–1980,” in Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, Sisters or Strangers: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2nd Edition, 2017).

Jodi Giesbrecht and Travis Tomchuk, Redress Movements in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 2018).

ou

Jodi Giesbrecht et Travis Tomchuk, Mouvements de réparation au Canada (Société historique du Canada, 2018).

Resources

Nikkei Tapestry.

Vijay Agnew, Where I Come From (WLU Press, 2003), introduction, chapters 1, 2.