5.11 References & Media Attributions
References
Altman, L. (July 31, 1983). Debate grows on U.S. listing of Haitians in AIDS category. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/31/us/debate-grows-on-us-listing-of-haitians-in-aids-category.html
Apetrei, C. (August 24, 2022). Misinformation is a common thread between the COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics — with deadly consequences. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/misinformation-is-a-common-thread-between-the-covid-19-and-hiv-aids-pandemics-with-deadly-consequences-187968
Bains, C. (March 9 2023). Report says long COVID could impact economy and be ‘mass disabling event’ in Canada. CTV.com. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/report-says-long-covid-could-impact-economy-and-be-mass-disabling-event-in-canada-1.6306608
Basic Facts. (n.d.) Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR). https://www.amfar.org/About-HIV-and-AIDS/Basic-Facts-About-HIV/
Boundless. (n.d.). Ch. 8 The middle ages in Europe. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/the-black-death/
Brooke, J. (June 2020). The Black Death and its aftermath. Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspectives. https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/covid-black-death-plague-lessons?language_content_entity=en
Canada. (December 2022). Post-COVID-19 Condition in Canada: What we know, what we don’t know and a framework for action. https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/office-chief-science-advisor/initiatives-covid-19/post-covid-19-condition-canada-what-we-know-what-we-dont-know-and-framework-action
Canada. (March 9, 2023). Research to insights: A look at Canada’s economy and society years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-631-x/11-631-x2023004-eng.htm
Carstairs, C. (July 27, 2020). A brief history of masks from the 17th-century plague to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-masks-from-the-17th-century-plague-to-the-ongoing-coronavirus-pandemic-142959
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). History of 1918 flu pandemic. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm
Chotiner, I. (March 3, 2020). How pandemics change history. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-pandemics-change-history
Clamp, R. (March 5, 2020). Coronavirus and the Black Death: Spread of misinformation and xenophobia shows we haven’t learned from our past. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-and-the-black-death-spread-of-misinformation-and-xenophobia-shows-we-havent-learned-from-our-past-132802
Cole, D. (August, 29, 2020). Why scapegoating is a typical human response To a pandemic. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/08/29/906225199/why-scapegoating-is-a-typical-human-response-to-a-pandemic
CollinsDictionary.com. (n.d.). Polyseme. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/polyseme
Columbia Public Health. (February 19, 2021). Epidemic, endemic, pandemic: What are the differences? Columbia Mailman School of Public Health. https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/epidemic-endemic-pandemic-what-are-differences
De Witte, M. (April 30, 2020). Past pandemics redistributed income between the rich and poor, according to Stanford historian. Stanford News. https://news.stanford.edu/2020/04/30/pandemics-catalyze-social-economic-change/
Defining Moments Canada. (n.d.). Stories of the 1918 Flu pandemic. https://westernu.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=fd1d334235fa491eaf54bac4e9acd984
Duncan, C. & Scott, S. (2005). What caused the Black Death? Postgraduate Medical Journal BMJ, 81, 315–320. https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/81/955/315.full.pdf
Eghigian, G. (May 28, 2020). The Spanish Flu pandemic and mental health: A historical perspective. Psychiatric Times 37(5). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/spanish-flu-pandemic-and-mental-health-historical-perspective
Florencio, J. (November 27, 2018). AIDS: Homophobia and moralistic images of 1980s still haunt our view of HIV: That must change. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/aids-homophobic-and-moralistic-images-of-1980s-still-haunt-our-view-of-hiv-that-must-change-106580
Geoghegan, S., O’Callaghan, K. & Offit, P. (March 17, 2020). Vaccine safety: Myths and misinformation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00372
Haelle, T. (May 11, 2020). Vaccine hesitancy is nothing new. Here’s the damage it’s done over the centuries. Science News. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/vaccine-hesitancy-history-damage-anti-vaccination
Hanna, J., Almasy, St. & Holcombe, M. (August 19, 2021). If you live in a state with low vaccination rates you are 4 times more likely to be hospitalized and more than 5 times more likely to die. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/18/health/us-coronavirus-wednesday/index.html
Health Canada. (2018). Canadian pandemic influenza preparedness: Planning guidance for the health sector. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/migration/phac-aspc/cpip-pclcpi/assets/pdf/report-rapport-02-2018-eng.pdf
History.com Editors. (December 21, 2021). Pandemics that changed history. History Channel. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline
Huremović, D. (May 2019). Chapter 2 – Brief history of pandemics (pandemics throughout history). National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123574/pdf/978-3-030-15346-5_Chapter_2.pdf
Jarus, O. (November 15, 2021). The worst epidemics and pandemics in history. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html
John Hopkins University & Medicine. (2022). Corona Virus Research Centre. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Key, J. (January 21, 2021). Half of U.S. adults don’t wear masks when in close contact with non-household members. University of Southern California Dornsife Magazine. https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/3388/understanding-coronavirus-in-america-mask-use-among-us-adults/
Krieger, N. (1988). AIDs funding: Competing needs and the politics of priorities. International Journal of Health Services, 18(4), 521-541. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45131619
Landau, M. (July 22, 2021). Vaccines are highly unlikely to cause side effects long after getting the shot. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/vaccines-are-highly-unlikely-to-cause-side-effects-long-after-getting-the-shot-
Larkin, H. (April 21, 2021). Navigating attacks against health care workers in the COVID-19 era. JAMA Network, 325(18), 1822-1824. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779310
LePan, N. (March 14, 2020). Visualizing the history of pandemics. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
Lewis, J. (1994). Identity transformation: The experience of HIV positive gay men. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/identity-transformation-experience-hiv-positive/docview/304167769/se-2?accountid=14789
Lewis, J. & Fraser, M. (1996). Patches of grief and rage: Visitor responses to the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. Qualitative Sociology, 19(4), 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393368
Little, B. (May 6, 2020a). When mask-wearing rules in the 1918 pandemic faced resistance. History. https://www.history.com/news/1918-spanish-flu-mask-wearing-resistance
Little, B. (May 26, 2020b). As the 1918 Flu emerged, Cover-up and denial helped it spread. History. https://www.history.com/news/1918-pandemic-spanish-flu-censorship
Lu, J. (March 26, 2021). Why pandemics give birth to hate: From Bubonic Plague to COVID-19. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/26/980480882/why-pandemics-give-birth-to-hate-from-black-death-to-covid-19
Martini, M., Gazzaniga, V., Bragazzi, N. & Barberis, I. (April 2, 2019). The Spanish Influenza pandemic: A lesson from history 100 years after 1918. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 60(1), E64-E67. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1205
Mayo Clinic Staff. (May 2021). Plague. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291
McDonald, G. (July 15, 2020). 5 advances that followed pandemics. History. https://www.history.com/news/pandemics-advances
McMullan, L., Blight, G., Gutierrez, P. & Levett, C. (April 29, 2020). How humans have reacted to pandemics throughout history: A visual guide. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/ng-interactive/2020/apr/29/how-humans-have-reacted-to-pandemics-through-history-a-visual-guide
McNamara, D. (October 14, 2021). History does repeat: Pandemic vaccine uproar is nothing new. WebMD.com. https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20211014/vaccine-opposition-not-new
Miller, B. (November 2, 2020). Science denial and COVID conspiracy theories. JAMA Network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2772693
Miller, A. (November 13, 2021). ‘Under attack’: Canadian health-care workers call for more protection from harassment and threats. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/anti-vaxxers-canada-online-hate-healthcare-workers-safety-1.6247682
Morand, S. & Lajunie, C. (March 24, 2021). Outbreaks of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are associated with changes in forest cover and oil palm expansion at global scale. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.661063
Navarro, J. (July 13, 2020). Masking resistance during a pandemic isn’t new: In 1918 many Americans were ‘slackers”. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/mask-resistance-during-a-pandemic-isnt-new-in-1918-many-americans-were-slackers-141687
Newey, S. (November 2020). Conspiracies of pandemics past: the history of disease and denial. Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/conspiracies-pandemics-past-history-disease-denial/
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (n.d.). Debunking immunization myths. https://www.paho.org/en/topics/immunization/debunking-immunization-myths
Patterson, G., McIntyre, K., Clough, H. & Rushton, J. (April 12, 2021). Societal impacts of pandemics: Comparing COVID-19 with history to focus our response. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.630449/full
Penn, M. (August 23, 2021). Statistics say large pandemics are more likely than we thought. Duke University Global Health Institute. https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/statistics-say-large-pandemics-are-more-likely-we-thought#:~:text=Most%20people%20are%20likely%20to,lifetime%2C%20a%20new%20study%20shows.&text=Novel%20pathogens%20such%20as%20the,the%20probability%20of%20extreme%20pandemics
Piret, J. & Boivin, G. (2021). Pandemics throughout history. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874133/pdf/fmicb-11-631736.pdf
Poos, L. (March 16, 2020). Lessons from past pandemics: Disinformation, scapegoating, and social distancing. The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2020/03/16/lessons-from-past-pandemics-disinformation-scapegoating-and-social-distancing/
Prideaux, E. (February 3, 2021). How to heal the ‘mass trauma’ of COVID-19. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210203-after-the-covid-19-pandemic-how-will-we-heal
Rennie, K., (March 31, 2020). How medieval writers struggled to make sense of the Black Death. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/how-medieval-writers-struggled-to-make-sense-of-the-black-death-134114
Shipman, P. (2014) The bright side of the Black Death. American Scientist, 102(6), 410-413. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-bright-side-of-the-black-death
Statistics Canada. (March 2021). COVID-19 in Canada: A one-year update on social and economic impacts. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-631-x/11-631-x2021001-eng.pdf?st=cpqz7uEe
The Spanish Flu. (n.d.). Defining moments Canada https://definingmomentscanada.ca/the-spanish-flu/
Ungerleider, S. & Warren, S. (January 10, 2022). Nurses get spit on, kicked, assaulted. Stop hurting us. We are here to help you. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2022/01/10/covid-nurses-assaulted-pandemic/9117731002/?gnt-cfr=1
Varlik, N. (October 26, 2021). From Black Death to COVID-19, pandemics have always pushed people to honor death and celebrate life. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/from-black-death-to-covid-19-pandemics-have-always-pushed-people-to-honor-death-and-celebrate-life-170517
Vazquez, M. (March 12, 2020). Calling COVID-19 the “Wuhan Virus” or “China Virus” is inaccurate and xenophobic. Yale School of Medicine. https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/calling-covid-19-the-wuhan-virus-or-china-virus-is-inaccurate-and-xenophobic/
Wallace-Wells, D. (March 4, 2025). How COVID remade America. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/03/04/opinion/covid-impact-five-years-later.html
Washington Post (August 3, 2020). How covid-19 attacks the lungs [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ig6sfig718k
What is coronavirus? The different types of coronaviruses. (March 25, 2020). UK Research and Innovation. https://coronavirusexplained.ukri.org/en/article/cad0003/
World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.-a). HIV/AIDS. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.-b). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths?n=c
World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.-c). Why the HIV epidemic is not over. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/why-the-hiv-epidemic-is-not-over
World Health Organization (WHO). (2000). WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/plague.pdf
Youngdahl, K. (September 27, 2016). Smallpox in Philadelphia, 1925. History of Vaccines. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/node/2292
Media Attributions
Cambridge University. (November 30, 2018). Spanish Flu: A warning from history [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3x1aLAw_xkY
Columbia Public Health. (January 13, 2016). HIV/AIDS [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/dvv35bUz0JY
Cottonbro. (March 13, 2020). White ceramic sculpture with black face mask [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/white-ceramic-sculpture-with-black-face-mask-3952240/
CrashCourse. (July 24, 2014). Disease! Crash course world history 203 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PLBmUVYYeg
Fæ. (October 9, 2014). Plague doctor Wellcome L0025222 [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plague_doctor_Wellcome_L0025222.jpg
GWRo0106. (May 1, 2020). People San Francisco Spanish Flu 1918 [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:People_San_Francisco_Spanish_Flu_1918.webp
NBC News Learn. (May 1, 2020). The Black Death [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/4c-ZGeeCErs
PBS News Hour. (September 2021). How COVID-19’s death toll and social impact compares to past U.S. pandemics [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sa2Sud16Log
Popescu, J. (2022). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [Video]. Yuja.com. https://uwindsor.yuja.com/V/Video?v=760966&node=3768925&a=912980209&autoplay=1
Raw Pixel. (n.d.). Emergency hospital during influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas (1918) [Photograph]. https://www.rawpixel.com/image/2298586/free-photo-image-spanish-flu-pandemic-covid
Sakhaa24. (August 2021). Sars cov2.jpg [Photograph]. Pxhere. https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1608792
Shvets, A. (April 16, 2020). Hands with latex gloves holding a globe [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/hands-with-latex-gloves-holding-a-globe-4167580/
Simpleshow Foundation (July 28, 2014). HIV and AIDS – Explained in a simple way [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzXgCW9YcNg
Tmaximumge. (April 17, 2020). Coronavirus [Photograph]. Pxhere. https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1608792
Webster, T. (June 30, 2013). Minnesota AIDS Project – HIV stigma stops here – Twin Cities pride parade (9180874836) [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minnesota_AIDS_Project_-_HIV_Stigma_Stops_Here_-_Twin_Cities_Pride_Parade_(9180874836).jpg
Cover Photo: Fæ. (October 2014). The plague of the Philistines at Ashdod. Engraving by Petit Wellcome L0012283.jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_plague_of_the_Philistines_at_Ashdod._Engraving_by_Petit_Wellcome_L0012283.jpg